Formulating and improving w88 casino charters, and strengthening and standardizing w88 casino management in accordance with the charters are clear requirements of my country’s Education Law and Higher Education Law, and are the needs of establishing a modern university system. However, what is disproportionate to this is that the formulation of university charters in our country has not attracted due attention from relevant parties. Now many colleges and universities still have not formulated charters, which is extremely detrimental to the stability and development of colleges and universities. It may be beneficial to analyze and understand the characteristics and content of foreign university charter construction.
1. Main contents and characteristics of foreign university charters
The charters of universities around the world vary greatly in content due to different national conditions, historical and cultural traditions, and w88 casino conditions. However, due to the nature and role of the charter itself, the charters of universities in various countries will have some common characteristics, which can be summarized as follows5Main aspects:
Foreign university charters generally attach great importance to the provisions of the w88 casino's educational purposes, development goals, and main tasks. The Charter of the University of Tokyo is divided into two parts: a preface and a main body. The preamble briefly describes the history of the University of Tokyo as well as its mission and vision, stating“The University of Tokyo will strive to build itself into a world-class academic research institution and cultivate intellectuals with a global development perspective. These intellectuals will contribute to the realization of a society without prejudice, the promotion of scientific and technological progress, and the creation of a new culture”. At the same time, its text clearly stipulates that the goals of the University of Tokyo“It is based on academic freedom, constantly pursues truth, innovates knowledge, and maintains its education and research in a leading position in the world.”The educational goal of the w88 casino is“In addition to imparting students' professional knowledge and cultivating students' understanding, insight, practical ability and imagination, it also cultivates students' leadership qualities. Students with such qualities have international character and pioneering spirit.”The University of Copenhagen stipulates in the first part of its charter that the goals and tasks of the w88 casino are“Conduct research and provide higher education at the highest academic level. Schools must ensure academic freedom and contribute to the dissemination of knowledge and scholarship.”The charter of Cornell University stipulates that the main mission of the w88 casino is“In order to promote free and practical education in the w88 casino's industrial courses, the w88 casino mainly teaches knowledge in subjects related to agriculture and machinery, including military strategy.”Michigan State University states in the preamble to its charter,“As a w88 casino on land donated by the government, its responsibility is to provide agricultural,Free and practical education in industry and other courses to prepare students for academic and professional careers.”It can be seen from the above that major and basic issues related to the development of the university such as the university's educational purpose, development goals, and main tasks are important contents of the charter decisions of foreign universities.
Foreign university charters attach great importance to the provisions of the w88 casino's internal management system. The internal management system of foreign universities is generally the board of directors(Also called Council, Council, etc.)The principal’s responsibility system under the leadership. The Board of Directors is the highest decision-making body of the w88 casino, and the powers it exercises are decisive and macro-guiding. As stipulated in the Statutes of the University of Copenhagen, the Senate“Based on the principal’s proposal, discuss and approve the w88 casino’s organizational structure, revenue and expenditure budget, decide on the adoption and revision of the w88 casino charter, and approve other w88 casino rules and regulations”. The principal is the highest administrative person in charge of the w88 casino and is responsible for the overall responsibility for running and developing the w88 casino. Yale University Charter provides,“The principal is the chief executive officer of the w88 casino and a member and legal representative of each college, college committee, and administrative department”. MIT Charter provides,“The principal is the CEO of the w88 casino and an ex-officio member of the legal person; is the chairman and ex-officio member of the Executive Committee; is an ex-officio member of the Development and Investment Committee”、“Prepare agendas for Executive Committee meetings and handle all matters on behalf of the Executive Committee”. The committee is the basic organization for managing all aspects of w88 casino affairs. Foreign universities have set up various committees according to needs and have made specific provisions on the responsibilities of these committees. As stipulated in the Yale University Charter according to different responsibilities12Committees are responsible for specific matters involving finance, auditing, investment and other aspects of w88 casino work. As stipulated in the Statutes of the University of Copenhagen:“The Senate is composed of the Principal and14composed of members. where2named appointed off-campus members, and5Name of dean,2Representatives of researchers and other faculty”；“The College Council consists of the following15Members: Dean, appointed2Famous outside members and12other members. This12People represent researchers, teachers, technical managers, and students respectively. Their ratio is2：1：1。”Yale University Charter“The tenured professors of each college are also administrative staff. Together with the president, provost, and dean, they form the tenured staff council. The Council is the governing body of the college and handles matters related to educational policy and college management”。
Foreign university charters attach great importance to the provisions on the relationship between the w88 casino and external parties. How to correctly handle the relationship between the w88 casino and the outside world is the key to the w88 casino's normal operation and its autonomy. The charters of foreign universities pay more attention to the regulations on the relationship between the w88 casino and external parties. As stipulated in the Yale University Charter, the corporate body19out of 22869_22876 members3Ex-officio members, they are“President of Yale University, Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut”. In this way, the participation of government officials in w88 casino legal entities is conducive to the handling of relationships between schools, the government and all aspects of society. The charter also stipulates that in addition to the legal representative, the w88 casino also has a vice president responsible for New Haven city and state government affairs and w88 casino development, whose responsibilities are“According to the authorization of the principal, handle the relationship between the w88 casino district and the state government, and coordinate the w88 casino's initiatives in the city of New Haven”. The University of Tokyo attaches more importance to the relationship between the w88 casino and society and emphasizes its public welfare. Its charter stipulates:“The University of Tokyo will actively promote the development of education to meet appropriate needs and provide members of society with high-level professional education and lifelong learning opportunities”。“The University of Tokyo will maintain its organizational flexibility to respond to social and economic changes, it will collaborate with intellectuals outside the campus and continuously develop ties with foreign countries”，“In order to give back to the society, the w88 casino will apply its latest research results to education and cultivate a new generation of outstanding scholars”。
Foreign university charters attach great importance to the provisions for students and alumni. The most fundamental task of a w88 casino is to cultivate people. From a legal perspective, students are citizens who have obtained student status and received education in schools and other educational institutions established in accordance with the law. As the subject of legal relations, students have rights in accordance with the law. As an institution that specializes in educational and teaching activities, schools have important responsibilities in protecting students’ rights and interests. The charters of foreign universities pay more attention to the provisions on the legitimate rights and interests of students. As stipulated in the University of Tokyo Charter:“The University of Tokyo will conduct strict and appropriate evaluations of students’ performance on a regular basis”，“In order to provide students with the best educational environment and eliminate learning obstacles, the w88 casino will strive to establish a financial support system”. There is a chapter in the MSU Charter that governs the relationship between the Board of Trustees and students. Which stipulates:“The w88 casino Board provides equal educational opportunity to qualified students from Michigan and other states or countries”、“The w88 casino board authorizes the principal to hear and resolve important matters involving student complaints”. Alumni are an indispensable special resource for the w88 casino. They are valuable educational resources, talent resources and information resources. Their role in society is usually regarded as an important symbol to test the quality of the w88 casino's talent training and the status of the w88 casino. Through contact with alumni, we can expand the connection between the w88 casino and society and promote the development of w88 casino education. The provisions on alumni in foreign university charters reflect the importance of alumni to the w88 casino, and also reflect that the w88 casino should continue to pay attention to and help the development of alumni and promote interaction and mutual benefit between the two parties. As provided in the Yale University Charter,19among legal persons“Yes6alumni, elected by the alumni association in accordance with regulations”，“The goal of the Alumni Association is to serve Yale University and provide a channel for alumni and the w88 casino to communicate with each other.”MIT Charter Regulations“The members of the legal person include15members named by the Alumni Association”. Foreign university charters generally stipulate the organization for formulating and revising the charter. The university charter is the w88 casino's“Basic Law”, is the basic basis for w88 casino running and management. Therefore, the formulation body of foreign university charters is generally the decision-making body of the w88 casino. The names of w88 casino decision-making bodies vary, but are generally called boards of directors, councils, councils, etc. The boards of directors of foreign private schools are generally composed of the w88 casino founders and their agents, other people who sponsor the w88 casino and alumni. Public w88 casino boards also have legal personality. Regardless of whether it is a public w88 casino or a private w88 casino, its leadership system is the principal responsibility system under the leadership of the w88 casino board. Therefore, as the highest leadership body and legal body of the w88 casino, the board of directors’ powers include formulating the w88 casino’s charter. As stipulated in the MIT Charter, the formulation and changes of the w88 casino Charter“Must be conducted at the legal person meeting”. The charter of some schools, such as the University of Copenhagen, is formulated by the Senate, but the charter can only be implemented with the consent of the education department. Regarding the revision of the charter, the revision procedures of each w88 casino are different, but they are all essential contents of the charter. Yale University Charter No.61Regulations“Changes, modifications, repeals or replacement of the bylaws with new bylaws shall be made by those present at the board of directors meeting or special meeting2／3It can be carried out only after the members vote, but the proposal to amend, abolish, add or replace the charter must be notified to its members at least thirty days before the meeting or notified by email”. The Charter of the University of Tokyo stipulates“The principal can amend the charter through an independently established procedure”。
2. Some inspirations from foreign university charters on the construction of Chinese university charters
The political system and national conditions of our country are different from those of other countries, and the conditions of universities in our country are also different from those in other countries in the world. However, the practice and experience of foreign university charter construction have important reference significance for my country to strengthen the construction of university charters, especially under the current situation that the formulation of university charters in our country is seriously lagging behind.
The formulation of complete university charters is a favorable guarantee for the healthy and smooth development of universities. Our universities should speed up the pace of formulating charters. The practice of formulating charters of foreign universities tells us that a university is a legal person institution, and its operations must be governed by laws and regulations. Only with a complete university charter can it be conducive to the stability and development of the university, protect the interests of the w88 casino and its members from infringement, and avoid unnecessary legal disputes. The Capital University in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of my country and the National Peking University, Tsinghua University, and Jiaotong University before liberation all had their own charters at that time. For a long time after the founding of New China, the issue of w88 casino charters did not attract the attention it deserved from relevant parties.199541446_41458199841486_41644“No rules to follow”'s bad behavior and illegal situations.
my country’s university charters should make key provisions on the w88 casino’s leadership system. The university's educational purposes, development goals, main tasks, etc. are important contents stipulated in the charter of foreign universities. At the same time, a large part of the charter of foreign universities is about the provisions of the w88 casino's internal management system, which especially stipulates the responsibilities and powers of the w88 casino board of directors and the president. The leadership system of foreign universities is generally a principal responsibility system under the leadership of the board of directors. The board of directors is the highest decision-making body of the w88 casino. Major issues involving w88 casino reform and development, such as the selection and appointment of principals, the budget of w88 casino funds, various basic decisions of the w88 casino, and the w88 casino's long-term planning are collectively decided by the board of directors. The principal is the highest administrative person in charge of the w88 casino. The board of directors gives most of the power to handle daily affairs and manage the w88 casino to the principal, so the principal has greater autonomy. The current leadership system of colleges and universities in my country is the principal responsibility system under the leadership of the party committee, that is, the w88 casino party committee(or Party Committee Standing Committee)is the highest decision-making body of the w88 casino. The principal is the highest administrative person in charge of the w88 casino. The main way for the principal to perform his duties and authority is the principal's office meeting or the w88 casino committee. Therefore, while our country's university charters stipulate the w88 casino's educational purposes, development goals, main tasks, etc., it should also clearly stipulate the w88 casino party committee based on the actual situation of our country's universities(or Party Committee Standing Committee), Principal’s Office Meeting(or w88 casino Board)And the responsibilities and authorities of the party committee secretary and principal in the development and management of the w88 casino, clearly stipulate the role of the party committee secretary in the w88 casino party committee(or Party Committee Standing Committee)The status and role of the principal in the principal’s office meeting(or w88 casino Board)43870_43937
my country’s university charters should make scientific and clear provisions on professors’ governance. Foreign universities attach great importance to the role of professors in the w88 casino management process. Many important management agencies and many important decisions of the w88 casino are attended by professor representatives. Especially in academic management, professors play a decisive role. In comparison, Chinese university professors have obviously insufficient power to participate in w88 casino management and influence w88 casino decision-making. The main reason for this situation is that our universities lack the mechanism and environment to give full play to the important role of professors in running schools. For a long time, whether it is academic affairs or administrative affairs, administrative leaders have the final say on everything in our universities. Administrative power is far greater than academic power. There is no mutual restriction and interdependence between administrative power and academic power. In this context, it is difficult for university professors to truly participate in the management of the w88 casino. In terms of academic management, professors only play a supporting role and do not have much say. This goes against the rules of university management and is also one of the main obstacles to building high-level universities and world-class universities. At present, the obvious trend of knowledge and discipline differentiation within universities makes academic management an important content and aspect of university management. Our country's university charters should clarify and establish a mechanism for professors to participate in w88 casino management. It should be clear that important management bodies and important decision-making of the w88 casino should involve professor representatives. In particular, it should be clear that professors are the exercisers of academic power and play a leading role in academic management. This will help form a parallel channel for academic management and administrative management, so that they can restrict each other and jointly promote the management of the university.
my country’s university charters should stipulate the relationship between the w88 casino and the outside world, especially the rights and obligations between the w88 casino and its sponsors. As mentioned earlier, foreign universities attach great importance to the establishment of relationships between the w88 casino and external parties, and regulate and promote the establishment of such relationships through w88 casino charters. To establish a modern university system in our country, we need a good external environment, especially the efforts of both the government and universities. In this process, the relationship between the government and universities should be further straightened out, so that universities can become entities that independently run education in accordance with the law and face the society. The university is the main body that carries out teaching and scientific research activities and is the subject of independent w88 casino running. It should independently exercise its autonomy. The government should not interfere with the authority of the operator, such as internal teaching activities, scientific research, internal management and contact with society. The government's scope of responsibilities is mainly to conduct macro-management of the university's assessment of principles, policies, and legal norms. Therefore, our country's university charters should clarify the responsibilities and scope of responsibilities of universities as independent legal persons. At the same time, it is stipulated that the development of all w88 casino activities must accept the macro-control and management of the government and comply with the provisions of national education laws and regulations. Under the conditions of market economy, colleges and universities should be oriented to society and the market, and understand, capture and feel the society's demand for talents. Colleges and universities must both develop themselves and discipline themselves, and pay attention to social responsibilities. Our country's university charters should pay attention to the provisions for students and alumni. Students are the objects of w88 casino education and management. They are also important members of the w88 casino and the masters of their own learning. The degree and level of students' participation in w88 casino education and management directly affects the realization of w88 casino education goals and talent training goals. Therefore, foreign universities attach great importance to the protection of students' legitimate rights and interests and students' participation in w88 casino management; many important management organizations of the w88 casino recruit students to join, emphasizing their sense of ownership and equal subject status. Universities in our country pay more attention to the management of students. However, students are more often regarded as objects of passive management and requirements, and the protection of students' legitimate rights and interests, especially the protection of students' rights and interests in participating in w88 casino management, is relatively lacking. Therefore, the authority of students to participate in w88 casino management should be clarified and refined through the formulation of w88 casino charters. Especially for major issues involving students' own rights and interests, students should have greater say and decision-making power. It is equally important that the resources and power of alumni cannot be ignored in the development and management of the w88 casino. Because alumni have a natural connection and emotion with the w88 casino. Drawing on foreign experience, Chinese universities should pay more attention to the development and utilization of alumni resources and the maintenance and protection of alumni rights and interests, and confirm this through w88 casino charters.
my country’s university charters should clearly define the organization that formulates and revise the charters. According to the relevant provisions and spirit of national education regulations, for public colleges and universities, the w88 casino charter shall be drafted by the w88 casino first and approved by the w88 casino faculty representative conference and the w88 casino party committee(or Party Committee Standing Committee)After deliberation and approval, it shall be reported to the competent administrative department for approval: For private colleges and universities, the w88 casino charter shall be formulated by the w88 casino board of directors. When the w88 casino formulates its charter, it should also make clear provisions on the revision of the w88 casino charter based on the actual situation of the w88 casino.
(Chen Lipeng Zhang Jianxin Tao Zhi,Original text published in "Higher Education in China 2007Year10Issue)
