The formulation of w88 online casino betting charter is the law of our country(Such as "Education Law of the People's Republic of China", "Higher Education Law of the People's Republic of China")The basic requirements for the establishment of higher education institutions are also an important part of the construction of a modern university system for higher education institutions in my country in the new era. The United States is a developed country in higher education, with more than three hundred years of development. It has formed a relatively complete modern university system. Both public universities and private universities generally have their own charters. This article analyzes the historical development, content composition, and status and role of American university charters in w88 casino governance activities. It hopes to provide some inspiration and reference for the formulation of university charters and the construction of modern university systems in my country.
1. The historical origin of American w88 online casino betting charters
The United States is a country ruled by law and has a very sound education regulatory system. The higher education legislation in the United States involves all aspects of higher education and is very rich in content. It can be said that university charters are the product of the development of American universities and the inevitable result of the rule of law in American higher education. The earliest university charter in the United States can be traced back to the colonial period, when a legally binding charter was issued for the college by the British royal family or the colonial parliament. The charter not only stipulates the management of American schools, appointment of teachers, etc., but more importantly, it confirms the basis for the existence of the w88 casino in the form of law.
1, the main content of the charter
According to the European medieval tradition, w88 online casino betting charters are generally issued by the Pope or the king, rather than by the government.These charters give the w88 online casino betting a certain degree of self-management in a statutory form, thereby legitimizing the w88 online casino betting's autonomous power in academic and administrative aspects. For example, the most prestigious universities in the UK, Oxford and Cambridge, are respectively1254Nianhe13188817_8878(British Crown or Colonial Parliament)Charter issued.
1636Year,100A number of Puritans from England established the first colonial college in the United States on the banks of the Charles River in the Massachusetts colony in North America——Harvard College(Harvard College, the predecessor of Harvard w88 online casino betting). The founder of this private college tried to completely imitate Emmanuel College of the w88 online casino betting of Cambridge in terms of curriculum and training methods, but in the management system of the college, he took a completely different path from the traditional European w88 online casino betting autonomy model.1642, that is, the seventh year after the establishment of Harvard College, with the approval of the Massachusetts Assembly, the first w88 online casino betting board of directors in the history of world higher education was established in the college. The board of directors consists of6Local officials including the governor, deputy governor, treasurer, and magistrates of the Colonial Massachusetts and6Composed of 10 priests, it has important powers such as appointing and removing principals, raising funds, and managing college assets.165010635_10668(the Dual Board SYstem)Management system. by charter[1], Harvard College has established a Faculty Affairs Committee in addition to the Board of Directors, consisting of the Dean,5teachers and1finance managers(Treasurer)Composition. These members were residents of Massachusetts Bay. The Academic Affairs Committee is responsible for handling w88 casino management affairs, including formulating principles and policies, appointing officials and teachers, purchasing w88 casino property, accepting gifts, investments, etc. However, the Academic Affairs Committee must accept the supervision of the Board of Directors, and its decisions must be approved by the Board of Directors before they can take effect; and the Board of Directors has the power to supervise the Academic Affairs Committee and appoint the new president. Since then, Harvard College has formed a situation where the Board of Directors and the Faculty Council coexist, which has been maintained to this day. After Harvard College, College of William and Mary(1693),Yale College(1701), College of New Jersey(1746), Pennsylvania College(1751), King's College(1754), Rhode Island College(1764), Rutgers College(1766)and Dartmouth College(1769)And other colleges were established one after another. In addition to Harvard College, the College of William and Mary and Yale College have the greatest impact. College of William and Mary1693Established with the charter of the British royal family[2], charter appoints founder Blair(Tames Blair)is the lifelong president of the college, and also implements a bicameral system in the management system. The idea of founding Yale College dates back to1640S. Until1701The charter to establish the w88 casino was passed(Yale Charter)[3], the idea was realized. In view of the disadvantages of bicameralism——Whether it is Harvard College or the College of William and Mary, there is fighting and wrangling between the two houses. Therefore, Yale College established only one board of directors and implemented a single board of directors(the SingleBoard System)Management system, the members of the board of directors are all Congregational ministers(10name)Served. To prevent the concentration of power in the hands of any one person, not even the principal is admitted to the board of directors. Most of the colleges and universities established since then followed the Yale College model and established a single board of directors system. College of New Jersey(1896Officially renamed Princeton w88 online casino betting)The charter stipulates that its board of directors shall have no more than23People, of which12The person must be a New Jersey resident and the principal must be a director[4]. The charter of Dartmouth College stipulates[5], the board of directors of the college is the highest decision-making body of the college and has the right to select successor directors and manage w88 casino property; the principal can choose the successor principal and is personally responsible for the daily administrative management of the w88 casino.
In addition to stipulating the composition of the college's management organization and its appointment and dismissal methods, the charter also stipulates the college's educational purposes and training objectives. American higher education during the colonial period inherited the tradition of continental Europe, especially British colleges, which emphasized the purpose of serving religious interests. In addition to Pennsylvania College, including Harvard College8All colleges were founded with clear religious motives. At that time, a large number of Protestants from the European continent immigrated to North America in order to escape religious oppression and find a paradise to realize their religious beliefs. However, what greeted them was the harsh natural environment and severe social reality of the North American continent. Therefore, these colonists who grew up in a strong religious atmosphere naturally placed their hope for help in God. The establishment of colleges and theological education to meet the needs of their religious beliefs are direct manifestations of their request for help. From the perspective of w88 casino running practice,9The college is controlled by different sects and serves the interests of each sect. For example, Harvard College belongs to the Calvinist denomination, the College of William and Mary and King's College belong to the Episcopal denomination, Yale College and Dartmouth College belong to the Congregational denomination, the College of New Jersey belongs to the Presbyterian denomination, Rhode Island College belongs to the Baptist denomination, and Rutgers College belongs to the Dutch Reformed Church. Although Pennsylvania College was founded without sectarian control, it soon came under the control of the Episcopal Church. Under this circumstance, the training of Christian priests and the cultivation of religious beliefs among the general public became the primary tasks of these colleges.
2, The status and role of charters in the development of colleges
The charter is an important guarantee for the legal status of the college and plays a role in ensuring the healthy development of the college.
In the United States, its9The birth of the colonial colleges marked the beginning of the development of higher education in the United States. It can also be regarded as the beginning of higher education legislation in the United States. The authority of the charter-issuing agency ensured the legal effect of the charter, making it the legal basis for the establishment of colonial colleges. Before American independence, Britain controlled most of the North American colonies. Although the King of England was declared the master of all the colonies, his management of the colonies was actually unstructured for a long time. Even a small amount of management was limited to promoting and protecting the w88 and interests of the British Empire, rather than the interests and development of the colonial residents. Therefore, the development of educational and cultural undertakings in the colonies was not within the main jurisdiction of the British Crown. As a result, some of the charters of colonial colleges came from the British crown, such as the College of William and Mary, but more came from colonial parliaments, such as Harvard College, Yale College, and the College of New Jersey. Nonetheless, they are legally authoritative.
1819Year“Dartmouth Case”17716_177701814Year, then Principal John Wheelock(John Whee lock)Disputes with directors. Wheelock insisted that he had the power to run the college without the control of the board of directors; the board of directors wanted to exert the power and role that the board should have in the daily affairs of the college and fired Wheelock to show their authority. For this reason, Wheelock petitioned the New Hampshire Legislature and sued the Dartmouth College Board of Trustees. At that time, some officials and social figures in New Hampshire wanted to take the opportunity to convert Dartmouth College into a public institution, so the state Assembly passed a bill under their control. The bill gives the state broad authority to transform Dartmouth College, making it reasonable to propose appropriate changes to its charter. They first tried to bring it under state jurisdiction by passing state statutes. However, to achieve this goal, Dartmouth College's charter must first be amended, and the charter amendment must be approved by the College's Board of Trustees. To this end, the state Legislature passed legislation that changed w88 casino board membership. However, the original w88 casino trustees did not admit this and maintained that the original Dartmouth College Board of Trustees was legitimate. A time around Dartmouth“Public”AND“Private”was divided into two administrative systems. These two administrative systems actually represent the opinions of the w88 casino board and the state legislature respectively. As the conflict intensified, the issue turned into a conflict between the college's board of directors and the state government, and finally they had to resort to law. The lawsuit was initially heard in New Hampshire state court. The state court sided with the state government and confirmed that the college was a public institution and that the state Legislature had the power to amend its charter. Some dissenting w88 casino board members appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. The original board of trustees of Dartmouth College invited alumnus Daniel Webster to appear in court to argue. Webster pointed out during the debate that the charter was a deed issued by the King to the college and had legal effect. According to the provisions of the U.S. Constitution, the state legislature has no power to amend or abrogate the compact. The New Hampshire Legislature's attempt to amend it is a unilateral damage to the compact and is a direct violation of the federal constitution.1819year, based on the Federal Supreme Court“Constitution”Article 10, Paragraph 1“The state government shall not pass any regulations to break the covenant”, ruling that the state government’s actions did not comply with“Constitution”. This ruling further recognized the private nature of Dartmouth College and clarified the legality of Dartmouth College as a private institution.
The fundamental reason why the Dartmouth lawsuit was successful was the charter system of private colleges. Charters lay the legal foundation for the existence of private universities: the legal relationship between private institutions established based on charters and the government is an equal and independent contractual relationship. The establishment of this relationship has given full freedom to the development of private institutions. Since then, private colleges, especially religious colleges, have sprung up in the United States. Strictly speaking, although the charter cannot be called a university charter and does not have independence, as a carrier for the college to obtain legal autonomy during the colonial period, the charter has actually outlined the basic outline of the modern university system. It can be said to be the prototype of the university charter in both form and content. Through the charter, the college has the power of self-management to a certain extent, thereby legitimizing the college's own autonomous power in academic and management aspects. Because the charter had both legal effect and involved the internal management of the w88 casino, it became the link between the colonial government's educational legislation and the college's self-governance. The university charter of American universities was developed and evolved on this basis.
2. Analysis of the Current Situation and Elements of American w88 online casino betting Charters
American universities generally have written w88 online casino betting charters. The w88 online casino betting charter is formulated by the w88 online casino betting authority. It inherits the education policies or laws and regulations of the national or state government and the internal management of the w88 online casino betting. It has:—A legally binding and written general guideline for w88 casino governance. It has become the program and law that regulates the operation of the university because it has higher legal validity than the university and also communicates the laws and systems inside and outside the university.
1, w88 online casino betting Charter Status
In terms of nature, colleges and universities in the United States today can be divided into two categories: private and public. Private colleges are run by individuals and private groups(Such as church or business, etc.)Schools established with funding; public colleges refer to schools established with funding from the federal government, state governments, and local governments. Private colleges and universities were established before independence and some were established after independence; public colleges and universities appeared later than private colleges and universities150Many years. After the founding of the People's Republic of China19In the first half of the century, some states established state universities one after another.1862Year“Morrell Act”After enactment, dozens more land-grant colleges and universities were established in the United States. Since then, public institutions of higher learning have flourished.
Whether it is a private college or a public college, there is generally a w88 online casino betting authority(Generally the board of directors)The w88 online casino betting charter is formulated in accordance with the charter established by the w88 online casino betting and the education laws and regulations promulgated by the national or local government. Due to different historical factors and cultural traditions, as well as differences in the laws and regulations based on them, the origins of the effectiveness of w88 online casino betting charters are also different. As mentioned earlier, the legitimacy of private colleges established during the colonial period generally stemmed from the power structures at that time(British Crown or Colonial Parliament)The charter issued by 29105_29246|, therefore, the charter is one of the sources of validity of the w88 online casino betting charters that later became world-renowned private universities; for private universities established after the founding of the People's Republic of China, their establishment must be approved by the local state government, so the validity of the w88 online casino betting charters of these private universities originates from the relevant laws and regulations of the state; public universities are usually established by legislation passed by state parliaments, so the legal validity of w88 online casino betting charters generally comes from federal or state legislation. Such as1863Michigan State w88 online casino betting established in 2017(Michigan State w88 online casino betting), based on“Morrell Act”Established with approval of the state legislature[6], the legal source of its charter, like other land-grant colleges, is the federal government“Morrell Act”And supplementary regulations of Congress. Built in1865Cornell w88 online casino betting(Cornell w88 online casino betting), is a w88 casino“Public-private partnership”style w88 online casino betting, whose original w88 online casino betting charter originated from the authorization of the New York State Legislature”[7]。
From a formal point of view, most w88 online casino betting charters in the United States are composite w88 online casino betting charters(It consists of a general regulation and one or several implementation details), rather than a single w88 online casino betting charter governing the entire w88 online casino betting affairs. Since each w88 online casino betting has a different historical background, the names of the w88 online casino betting charters are also quite different, includingCharter、BYlaws、Statutesand other different expressions. For example, the w88 online casino betting of Chicago's w88 online casino betting Charter consists ofThe Certificate of lncorporation(Legal Person Certificate)、BYlaws、StatutesEtc. composition[8]。The Certificate of Incorporationequivalent toCharter, mainly clarifies the legal person status of the w88 online casino betting of Chicago;BYlawsincludes the composition of the board of directors(Including directors, chairman, vice chairman), Board of Directors meetings, committees(There are more than a dozen committees including the Executive Committee, Financial Planning Committee, Development and Alumni Relations Committee), administrative staff(Including president, provost, vice president, secretary)etc.; inStatutesListed in20Multiple specific rules and regulations. The w88 online casino betting charters of Cornell w88 online casino betting and the w88 online casino betting of Michigan consist of general principlesCharterand specificBYlawsComposition[9]. Cornell w88 online casino betting CharterBYlawsPartially included25Chapter content: (1) General principles; (2) Board of Directors; (3) Management Committee of the Board of Directors; (4) Annual audit; (5) Principal; (6) Vice President and Vice Provost; (7)Provost;(8) Executive Vice President for Finance and Administration; (9) w88 casino legal person secretary; (10) w88 online casino betting Legal Counsel; (11) Internal control mechanism; (12) w88 online casino betting teacher; (13) College teacher; (14) Degree conferment; (15) Deans, directors and other academic officials; (16) Appointment and tenure of teaching and scientific research personnel; (17) Chair Professor; (18) Traffic and parking regulations; (19) Academic Counseling Meeting; (20) Medical Center; (21) Security; (22) Conflict of interest; (23) Miscellaneous provisions; (24)Equal opportunities for education and employment; (25) modification method. Among them, the Management Committee also includes the Standing Committee, Executive Committee, Academic Affairs Committee, Student Life Committee, Investment Committee, Audit Committee, Finance Committee, Government Relations Committee, Building and Assets Committee, Board Membership Committee, Alumni Affairs and Development Committee, Special Committee, etc.[10]. Through further analysis of the charters of other universities, it is easy to see that the form and structure of university charters vary from w88 casino to w88 casino and are diverse.
2, Analysis of elements of w88 online casino betting charter
Looking at the w88 online casino betting charters of American universities, although there are differences in the expression and content composition of the w88 online casino betting charters of different universities, their basic content generally clarifies the w88 online casino betting's philosophy, educational purposes, educational purposes or training goals, and stipulates the name and location of the w88 online casino betting, the internal management system, the decision-making process of major w88 online casino betting matters, the organizer and the w88 online casino betting The rights and obligations between students, the rights and obligations of the president, the appointment and management of teachers, teaching affairs and academic powers of teachers, the awarding of degrees, student affairs, funding sources, property and financial systems, procedures for amending the charter, and other major matters. In particular, it stipulates the organizational composition of the board of directors and its subordinate committees, the election and appointment of members, and other w88 online casino betting decision-making methods and procedures.
(1) Provisions on w88 casino functions, w88 casino purposes, development goals, and main tasks. The university's educational purposes, development goals, main tasks and other major issues related to the development of the university are important contents stipulated in the university's charter. E.g., Cornell University CharterCharterPart of it stipulates that the main mission of the w88 casino is to promote free and practical education in the w88 casino’s industrial courses. The w88 casino mainly teaches subject knowledge related to agriculture and machinery, including military strategy, etc.[11]. Michigan State University states in the preamble to its university charter that as a government-endowed w88 casino, its mission is to provide liberal and practical education in agriculture, industry and other courses to prepare students for their academic and professional careers[12]。
(2) Provisions on the w88 casino’s internal management system. First, the university charter provides for the board of directors system for university governance. The Board of Directors is the highest decision-making and deliberation body of the w88 casino, and the powers it exercises are decisive and macro-guiding. As the University of Chicago's charter clearly stipulates, the Board of Trustees has the highest decision-making power of the university, and the president of the university is responsible to the Board of Directors and implements the Board's decisions. The university's charter clearly stipulates how board members are elected. There are big differences between private and public universities in terms of the generation, size and composition of board of directors. The boards of directors of private universities are usually initially appointed by the founders of the university. Later, they are mainly elected by board members or alumni to add new directors or by invitation. Members include celebrities who care about education, such as entrepreneurs, philanthropists, educators, and retired government officials. Their economic impact is usually considered when being appointed. Members of the board of directors of public universities are generally appointed by the governor or elected by citizens, and take effect after being confirmed by the legislative body; the number and term of the board of directors are subject to relevant laws and regulations of the state, and are relatively small in size compared with private universities; the composition of the board of directors is obviously different from that of private universities in that there are current government officials among the directors, and the governor is an ex-officio director, and more attention is paid to political influence when appointing directors. With the exception of ex-officio directors such as local government officials, other directors are generally elected by the board of directors and serve shorter terms. Nomination and election of directors are conducted in accordance with certain procedures. For example, the Charter of the University of Chicago stipulates that the number of directors shall not exceed50People, elect new directors to replace those who have been re-elected at the annual meeting of the board of directors5Issue(One year per issue)39758_3979570years old, his qualifications as a director will automatically cease after the annual meeting of that year. Its charter also stipulates the selection criteria and responsibilities of honorary directors and emeritus directors with reserved titles. The University Charter also provides for Board meetings. As the Cornell University Charter stipulates: the Board of Trustees holds four regular meetings each year, and the President, President or Executive Committee may call special meetings. Unless otherwise provided by law or these Bylaws, the vote of a majority of the directors then present shall constitute a resolution of the Board of Directors, if a quorum is present. Secondly, the internal management system of American universities implements the president's responsibility system under the leadership of the board of directors. The principal is the highest administrative person in charge of the w88 casino and is responsible for all the responsibilities of running and developing the w88 casino. Generally speaking, university charters stipulate that the board of directors does not manage specific daily administrative affairs, and the policies and guidelines it formulates are implemented by the president. That is, the board of directors handles major issues, and the principal handles specific matters. In addition, the management of American universities attaches great importance to the role of professors, and professors are recruited into the w88 casino's decision-making bodies and important management bodies. This is also clear from the charters of American universities. As provided in the Yale University Charter,“The tenured professors of each college are also administrative staff. Together with the president, provost, and dean, they form the tenured staff council. The Council is the governing body of the college and handles matters related to educational policy and college management[13]。
(3) Regulations on the relationship between the w88 casino and external parties. How to correctly handle the relationship between the w88 casino and the outside world is the key to whether the w88 casino can operate normally and reflect autonomy. The university charter has relatively clear provisions on this. As stipulated in the Yale University Charter, among the members of the corporate body are3Named ex officio members, they are the President of Yale w88 online casino betting, the Governor of Connecticut, and the Lieutenant Governor[14];The charter also stipulates that in addition to the legal representative of the university, the w88 casino has a vice president responsible for New Haven city and state government affairs and w88 casino development. His responsibilities are to handle the relationship between the w88 casino district and the state government and coordinate the w88 casino's initiative in New Haven based on the authorization of the president.[15]The Charter of Cornell w88 online casino betting also stipulates that the Governor of New York State, the Speakers of the Senate and House of Representatives of the State Assembly, and the President of the w88 online casino betting are4Ex-officio directors; it is also required that there are ordinary directors2from the New York State Department of Agriculture, Commerce and Labor. The participation of government officials and public figures in the w88 casino's legal person organization is conducive to the handling of relations between the w88 casino, the government and all aspects of society. Alumni are a special and indispensable resource of the w88 casino, so American university charters also have content about alumni. For example, the Yale University Charter stipulates,19among legal persons“Yes6alumni, elected by the alumni association in accordance with regulations”，“The goal of the Alumni Association is to serve Yale University and provide a channel for alumni and the w88 casino to communicate with each other”[16];Cornell w88 online casino betting Charter,56Of the Board Directors8The positions are elected by the alumni themselves, each with a four-year term, and at least one is elected every year2name[17]. At the same time, the w88 online casino betting Charter also stipulates the responsibilities and operations of the Alumni Affairs and Development Committee.
(4) Provisions on student rights and related matters. From a legal perspective, students are citizens who have obtained student status and received education in schools and other educational institutions established in accordance with the law. As the subject of legal relations, students have rights in accordance with the law. Therefore, student representatives are gradually occupying a seat on the boards of directors of some universities. As provided in the Cornell w88 online casino betting Charter,56Of the Board Directors2Directors from Ithaca w88 casino(Ithaca)Elected by the student body of the campus, each with a two-year term, at least elected every year1Name. As an institution that specializes in educational and teaching activities, schools have important responsibilities in protecting the rights and interests of students. Therefore, the charters of American universities pay more attention to the provisions of students' legitimate rights and interests. The Cornell w88 online casino betting Charter specifically stipulates“Student Life Committee”Responsibilities: In charge of student affairs and other departments(Under appropriate circumstances)'s long-term planning; a review of w88 online casino betting policies related to student health and welfare; a review of w88 online casino betting policies related to student residence; a review of w88 online casino betting policies related to student extracurricular activities, including intramural or intercollegiate sports; a review of w88 online casino betting policies related to the development and support of the student community, including student self-governance; a review of other major w88 online casino betting policies and matters related to non-purely academic student experiences, etc.[18]. The Michigan State University Charter also includes a chapter that stipulates the relationship between the w88 casino board and students. It provides that the w88 casino board shall provide equal access to education to qualified students from the State of Michigan and other states or countries, and the w88 casino board shall authorize the principal to hear and resolve student complaints[19]。
(5) Provisions for amending the charter. w88 online casino betting Charter as the w88 online casino betting's“Basic Law”, is the basic basis for w88 casino running and management. As mentioned earlier, the institution that formulates university charters is generally the decision-making body of the w88 casino. As the highest leadership and legal body of the w88 casino, the Board of Directors is also the w88 casino's decision-making body. Its powers include the formulation of the w88 casino's charter. Regarding the revision of the charter, the procedures for revision vary from w88 casino to w88 casino, but they are all essential elements of the charter. Yale University Charter No.61Article regulations:“Changes, amendments, repeals or replacement of the articles of association with new articles of association shall be made by persons present at a meeting of the board of directors or a special meeting2／3The members can only proceed by voting, but any proposal to amend, abolish, add or replace the charter must be notified to its members or notified by email at least thirty days before the meeting.”[20]Chapter 25 of the Cornell w88 online casino betting Charter stipulates:“These Bylaws may be changed at any Board meeting as long as a majority of the Directors present and voting in favor or thirty unanimous votes. However, board members must be notified at least five days before the meeting and the content to be revised must be submitted.”[21]
3. The status and role of American university charters in w88 casino governance activities
From the above analysis of the current status and elements of American w88 online casino betting charters, it is not difficult to see that American w88 online casino betting charters have become the legal basis for w88 online casino betting operations because of their legal validity. They also fundamentally establish the w88 online casino betting’s management and operation system and play a decisive role in the development of universities.
1, The w88 online casino betting charter clarifies the legal status of the w88 online casino betting
(1)The w88 online casino betting Charter is the charter of w88 online casino betting autonomy. In order to enable colleges and universities to truly have autonomy in running schools, a common practice in Western developed countries is to establish the independent status of colleges and universities through legislation.
“United States Code of Federal Regulations”中“General Principles of Education”Provision: No provision of law concerning applicable programs shall be construed to authorize any department, agency, officer, or employee of the United States Government to direct, supervise, or control the processes, instructional programs, administration, or personnel of any educational institution, w88 casino, or w88 casino system, or the selection of library collections or other printed educational materials by any educational institution, w88 casino, or w88 casino system, or the placement or transportation of students to overcome racial disparities. It can be seen that American universities are highly autonomous legal organizations. The federal government has no power to intervene in the internal affairs of universities and cannot legally provide clear regulations on the nature of universities. This fully demonstrates that American colleges and universities have a wide range of independent rights and interests, and it is the university charter that legally establishes the legal person status of the university and fundamentally establishes the university's management and operation system. First of all, the university charter is the basis for the establishment and legal status of the university. For example, the Cornell University Charter mentions that Cornell University is an educational society organized and existing under the relevant laws of New York State.
“In accordance with the charter and state law, the Board of Trustees is the highest governing body of the university, including every college, academic unit, department, and center. The Board of Directors shall develop an annual plan for the financial operations of the w88 casino based on the recommendations of the Executive Committee and the Board of Supervisors, and the Board of Directors retains all legal person rights.”Secondly, the university charter clarifies the w88 casino’s corporate status and non-profit nature, and establishes the university’s management system. This becomes the legal basis upon which the university operates. The Cornell University Charter states:“The primary purpose and authority of which are set forth in accordance with New York Education Law Section115These goals and powers are also subject to other applicable education laws and non-profit corporate laws. According to the original1865Chartered in 2017, Cornell w88 online casino betting remains a land-grant college. Accordingly, the w88 online casino betting continues to exercise all relevant powers and obligations under federal and state law.”[22]Because the w88 online casino betting charter is formulated by the w88 online casino betting itself, w88 online casino betting concepts such as w88 online casino betting autonomy and academic freedom can be reflected; because it has legal effect, it becomes the legal basis for the operation of the w88 online casino betting. Therefore, the w88 online casino betting charter is the charter of w88 online casino betting governance.
(2)The w88 online casino betting Charter provides the legal basis for the construction of a modern w88 online casino betting system. The w88 online casino betting Charter has become the charter of w88 online casino betting governance due to its origin of validity and its status in w88 online casino betting operations. At the same time, as a legal intermediary for communication with the government and society, it also serves as a connector for systems inside and outside the w88 online casino betting. It provides a legal basis for the construction of the modern w88 online casino betting system. The origin of the validity of the above-mentioned w88 online casino betting charter and the confirmation of the legal status of the w88 online casino betting clarified the government from another aspect(Federal or state government)The legal relationship with the w88 online casino betting, thereby institutionalizing the scope and methods of government participation in w88 online casino betting management. In addition, the provisions in the w88 online casino betting charter on the ways and means for social groups or individuals to participate in w88 online casino betting affairs are based on the w88 online casino betting“Basic Law”Legalizes society's participation in university affairs in the form of 60937_61084|, which is mainly reflected in the university's establishment of a board of directors system that is dominated by people outside the w88 casino. The power of the board of directors has become a basic aspect that distinguishes the American university system from the university systems of other countries. The board of directors has played an active role as a bridge and link in strengthening the connection between the university and society and reflecting the requirements of all sectors of society, thus preventing the w88 casino from becoming divorced from the needs of social development and completely controlled by scholars“Ivory Tower”Phenomenon. The board of directors of each university is different in terms of personnel composition and size. Most of the members are celebrities who care about the running of the w88 casino, such as business people, philanthropists and retired government officials. When appointing, they usually pay more attention to their economic impact. Members also include alumni representatives, teacher representatives and student representatives. Social participation in university affairs is not only a tradition of American universities, but also a need and trend for the joint development of universities and society. According to the university's charter, both the society's participation in university affairs and the university's acceptance of social entrustments or gifts“法”It can be relied upon to ensure the coordinated development of the w88 online casino betting and society.( http://www.tecn.cn )
2, The w88 online casino betting Charter clarifies the operating mechanism of the w88 online casino betting
(1) The w88 online casino betting Charter provides a complete institutional system. The establishment of the w88 online casino betting's legal status provides legal guarantee for the w88 online casino betting to establish an operating mechanism for self-development and self-restraint, realize w88 online casino betting autonomy and run its own education in accordance with the law. Logically speaking, w88 online casino betting autonomy includes specific institutional rules, operating principles, and definitions of related concepts. It is a logically rigorous whole. Regardless of the management system established by the w88 online casino betting charter, its specific institutional arrangements are consistent with this. The entire w88 online casino betting charter is a complete institutional system. In terms of content, the w88 online casino betting charter has clear provisions on the methods and procedures for w88 online casino betting decision-making such as the organizational composition of the board of directors and its various committees, the election and appointment of members, and so on. In addition, the w88 online casino betting charter also clarifies the w88 online casino betting's educational philosophy, educational purposes or training goals, as well as teaching affairs, teacher appointment and management, degree awarding, student affairs, and regulations on teachers' academic rights.
(2) The w88 online casino betting Charter sets out the governance structure of the w88 online casino betting. How to make universities and society develop together is the key to the development of universities and society面Facing common problems, university charters can be regarded as an ideal institutional approach. If the modern university system is divided into external systems and internal systems with the university as the boundary, then the university charter is the link connecting the internal and external systems of the university and the specific regulations on the university's governance structure. In the governance structure of American universities, the board of directors system is a basic management system. The university charter has clear requirements and operating procedures for the composition of the board of directors, methods and procedures for member selection, member responsibilities and operations, etc. In order to standardize the operation of the board of directors, university charters generally clearly stipulate the number of external directors on the board of directors, the method of selection, the methods and authority to participate in w88 casino management, and determine the rights of alumni to participate in university affairs. For example, the Columbia University Board of Trustees currently24Directors, most of whom are from the industrial and commercial circles, and a few are professionals from academia. The Board of Directors holds four plenary meetings each year, and its schedule is usually determined by the Chairman, Secretary and President of the w88 online casino betting based on relevant documents. When the Board of Directors is not in session, the Executive Committee is generally responsible for day-to-day affairs. The Michigan State w88 online casino betting Charter provides that the Board of Trustees shall be composed of8members are constituted and elected according to legal procedures for a term8Year[23]. The Bylaws of Cornell w88 online casino betting provide that the Board of Trustees shall be composed of64Composed of 66420_66447 members, of which the governor of New York and four others are ex-officio members of the board of directors[24]. The board of directors has several committees. Committees are the basic organizations that manage all aspects of w88 casino affairs. The responsibilities of these committees are specified in the University Charter. For example, the university charters of Yale University and Cornell University stipulate different responsibilities based on different responsibilities12Committees are responsible for specific matters such as finance, auditing, and investment.
（Liu Chengbo）
