"National Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan Outline( 2010- 2020Year)》pointed out: All types of colleges and universities should formulate charters in accordance with the law，Manage the school in accordance with the regulations。Accelerating the construction of university charter will become“Twelfth Five-Year Plan”One of the key points of my country’s higher education work during this period，In order to provide useful reference for the construction of university charter in our country，The author analyzed the text of the charter of Cornell University in the United States，Now listed below，To seek advice from the Fang family。

1. Basic contents of Cornell University Charter

Among more than 4,000 universities in the United States，Private universities are known for their long history、World-famous for high teaching quality，especially ivy(Ivy League, also translated as“Ivy”) The eight universities in the alliance are the most famous。Compared to other Ivy League universities，Yu 1865 Year 4 month 27 The school was founded in Japan,1868 Year 10 Cornell University officially enrolls in October(Cornell University) It is the youngest and the only public-private university among them，Is the only one of the eight Ivy League schools that graduated after the American Revolution。After the establishment of Cornell University，It was founded in a short period of time and has won recognition from all walks of life，This is its distinctive feature、The charter of an innovative university is not irrelevant。

The current Cornell University Charter is provided through 2008 Year 5 month 24 The revised version on the day of 10699_1071125 Chapter composition, the specific content is as follows: ArticlesI，University，Include school name、school address、School badge、Financial Day、School year、The goals and powers of the university、Departments and other independent academic units;ArticlesII，Board of Directors，Includes powers of the Board of Directors、Personnel composition and tenure、Nomination and election of board members、Elections conducted by alumni and other voters、Quorum for board meeting、Emeritus Committee member;ArticlesIII，Committees of the Board of Directors，Respectively in Human Resources、Academic Affairs、Investment、Audit、Finance、Government Relations、Alumni Affairs and Development、Establish various committees for adjustment proposals and other matters; ArticlesIV, Annual Audit; ArticlesV, Principal, including terms of office, powers, duties and tenure; ArticlesVI He Charter VII，Prescribed Dean、Other university administrative staff、Election methods for vice presidents and vice presidents、Terms and conditions、Power、Obligations and deadlines; ArticlesVIII, Executive Vice Chancellor for Finance and Administration; ArticlesIX, University Secretary; ArticlesX, University Legal Counsel; ArticlesXI, internal management of the university; ArticlesXII, University Professors Association(University faculty), including personnel composition, functions and dean; ArticlesXIII, colleges and departments(College and School Faculties) , including college personnel composition, powers and responsibilities; ArticlesXIV, degree awarded; ChapterXV, deans, directors and other academic staff; ArticlesXVI, Appointment and tenure of teaching and research personnel; ArticlesXVII, visiting professor, including terms of appointment, rights, responsibilities and benefits; ArticlesXVIII, Traffic and Parking Rules; ArticlesXIX, Academic Advisory Committee; Articles XX,Medical Center;ArticlesXXI, compensation; ArticlesXXII, conflict of interest; ArticlesXXIII, Miscellaneous Provisions; ArticlesXXIV, equal rights to education and employment opportunities; Articles XXV, Regulations for Amending the Articles of Association.

w88 casino games login2. Analysis of the Characteristics of Cornell University’s Charter

(一) School philosophy, clearly stated

The Cornell University Charter clarifies the philosophy of the university、Development goals、School Purpose、Main tasks, etc.，And with the characteristics of the university、Positioning is closely related。

First of all, the charter is in Chapter 1“University”Indicates the motto of Cornell University，The inscription of Ezra Cornell, the founder of the university:“Let anyone learn the subjects they want to learn here.”Reflects Cornell’s equality、Justice、Comprehensive school philosophy。And Cornell’s purpose in founding this university，It is to build a university open to all students，Regardless of gender、Race、Religious beliefs、Anyone with nationality and financial ability can apply for admission，Cornell University is known as the first true American university for this innovative educational concept。

Secondly，The charter states that the mission of the university is to serve as a recipient of government land grants，Serving alumni through own efforts、Community、State、Nations and the world。Visible，The mission of Cornell University is primarily to relentlessly participate in society and serve the public，Advocates the close connection between individuals and society，Highlight personal service to society，Reflects its social-oriented values ​​and sense of responsibility and gratitude for giving back to society。

Again，Cornell University Charter also stipulates，The main mission of the school is to promote free and practical education in industrial courses，The main professor of the school and agriculture、Mechanical related subject knowledge，Including military strategy, etc.。Visible，Although Cornell University proposed“Let anyone learn the subjects they want to learn here”，But it’s not complicated、No focus，Instead, agriculture、Mechanical discipline as a key development discipline，Reflecting its status as a school donated by the government，Emphasis on practical application knowledge、Characteristics of running a school that serves the society。

(二) System operation, full of details

Overview of Cornell University Charter Chapters，Easy to find，The content arrangement of the charter is all-inclusive、Comprehensive、Specific and detailed features，includes mission of the university、Development goals、Internal management system、Source of education funds、Financial System、Appointment system for teaching staff、Detailed regulations on the procedures for amending the articles of association，Even specific regulations on traffic rules and vehicle parking。At the same time，Focus is also one of the features of Cornell University’s charter。It focuses on the specification of the rules of procedure for the board of directors and its subordinate committees，Strict and specific regulations on the rights and responsibilities of university administrators，Division of responsibilities of personnel in each department，This is a rule for universities to follow，Laid the foundation for effective system management。

First，The Board of Directors system that stipulates the University’s charter。The charter states that the board of directors oversees the operation of the university，The rights and responsibilities are clearly defined，The board of directors has the highest management power over the school，For the whole school development strategy、Academic、Administration、Making decisions on major financial issues，And oversee the effective implementation of these decisions。Cornell University’s Board of Trustees consists of64composed of members, including4part-time members,1hereditary members,3appointed members,56board members(Respectively by the Board of Directors、Alumni、Teacher、Elected by students and non-academic faculty)。can be seen，Cornell University focuses on connections between on-campus and off-campus，Board members are from the school、Government、Composed of people from all walks of life such as companies，Exhibits diversity、Democratic school governance philosophy，Conducive to the school gaining social and government w88 casinosupport。One-third of the charter is used，Constituted from members respectively、Election method、Three aspects of rights and obligations towards the school12Board committees have detailed regulations，The importance is evident。

Secondly，The internal management system implements the principal responsibility system under the leadership of the board of directors。The principal is entrusted by the board of directors，As administrator and educational officer of the University，Manage daily internal affairs of the school。The principal is not only responsible to a board of directors，Also responsible for faculty and staff，The principal is primarily responsible for establishing an agenda，Propose a direction，Help faculty and staff agree on a specific direction，Provide general supervision over the administration of university affairs。The charter stipulates the relationship between the principal and administrative staff、Teaching Staff、Right of appointment of researchers，And be responsible for implementing the financial budget management system，And coordinate and control all aspects of the school’s funding and financial activities according to this system，In this way, the university’s independent personnel and financial rights are stipulated in the form of law，Make education management agencies independent from government agencies，To avoid administrative interference in teaching、Academic phenomenon。At the same time，Cornell University’s charter divides the school’s teaching and research staff into more than a dozen levels，These levels are also the structure of appointments，The appointment or promotion of staff at each level must be approved by the principal in accordance with the procedures。

Again，Professors participate in the management of university affairs。Professor management means the separation of academics and administration，Professor governance at Cornell University is achieved by establishing the University Professors Association and granting the organization corresponding rights。So-called“Professor governs the school" 's core，It is to break down the abnormal barriers between teaching and management，Let the university be the real subject————Professors and all teachers can participate in school management independently，This is conducive to the formation of a democratic atmosphere in the university and true academic freedom。In accordance with the provisions of the Cornell University Charter，The Faculty Council has the right to discuss any issues involving university-wide or multi-college educational policy，And submit a proposal to the board of directors，But the proposal must consist of no less than 7 Proposed by a committee composed of members of professorial committees assigned by different colleges，This committee has the authority to interview members of the school board or committees subordinate to the board。The chairman of the professor association is elected by all members of the professor association，The term must not exceed3Year。These regulations effectively protect professors’ rights to democratic management of university affairs，To a certain extent, it maintains the academic and independent attributes of the university。

(三) Articles of Association revision, more frequent

The development of universities changes with the changes in the university’s own conditions and social environment，University charters in Western countries will continue to be withdrawn as the universities change、Modify，The University Charter is updated basically every year。In recent years，Cornell University Charter is revised at the following times2005Year1month25Day,2007Year1month27Day,2008Year5month24日，The latest version of the Cornell University Charter comes just one year and four months after the last charter revision。Modify the Articles of Association more frequently，Guaranteed the operability of the charter，Conducive to the implementation of the charter、Execute，And the revision of the charter is not arbitrary。Cornell University has made clear provisions on the formulation and modification of the charter，Cornell University Charter25 Regulations:“As long as a majority of directors are present at the same time and vote in favor or thirty unanimous votes，These regulations may be changed at any Board meeting。However, board members must be notified at least five days before the meeting，And submit the content to be modified。”can be seen，There are strict procedures for the revision of Cornell University’s charter，Reflects the seriousness of the university charter、Legality、Democratic。

三、Enlightenment of Cornell University Charter on the Construction of Chinese University Charter

(一) The university charter must highlight the unique philosophy of running a school

Although our country’s university charter is legal，But it is basically the country’s current laws on education、Mechanical combination of regulations and school-related systems，The most prominent problem is the similarity of school running philosophies，No personality，Schools imitate each other，Articles for the sake of articles。Essentially，A unique school philosophy requires the school’s mission、School Purpose、Think deeply about the fundamental issues of the university such as school running goals。However，Analysis and discovery from the charters promulgated by our country’s public universities，About the purpose of running the school、The regulations on education forms are basically the same，As stated in the charters of several universities“The school takes talent cultivation and knowledge innovation as its fundamental tasks，Carry out teaching、Scientific research and social service activities”。These are general explanations，And it can be the educational purpose of any university。In order to get rid of this“One thousand schools"’s criticism，Chinese universities are in the process of formulating charters，We should actively learn from the experience of Cornell University Charter in regulating the purpose of running a school，Make the provisions on the purpose of running the school in the charter both practical and distinctive，It not only reflects the national requirements but also shows the connotation of the school，Play a practical role in regulating and leading the development of the school。

(二) University charter should be operable and reduce abstract expressions

my country’s university charters are too abstract in terms of expression，Lack of operability，As specified in the University Charter，“The school cares for students who encounter special difficulties in study and life，Provide necessary help for their healthy growth”，What kind of help is more important，But it is not reflected in the charter。In addition，Because the division of powers of the university party committee and the president is not specific enough，In practice, it is easy to confuse the relationship between the party committee and the administration，Thus affecting the implementation of the principal responsibility system under the leadership of the school party committee。Our country’s university charters must overcome abstractions、The disadvantages of lack of operability，You should learn from Cornell University，Facing complex university governance issues，There should be substantial content，It really plays a guiding role，Instead of being as empty as water，Detailed provisions should be made with emphasis on all aspects，Especially pay attention to the regulations on the functions and authorities of various administrative departments，Ensure that each department can perform its duties under the leadership of the principal。

(三) University Charter Response“Professors participate in management"There are clear regulations

Academic staff, mainly professors, should participate in decision-making on major issues related to school development，This is a common practice at world-class universities including Cornell University。Professors’ participation in school management should be as follows21State the key contents in the Charter of Century University，However, in our country，Not enough attention to professors’ participation in school management，So the regulations in this regard are not clear enough。Although in accordance with the provisions of the Higher Education Act，The university has established an academic committee(Major academic matters w88 casino games loginafter review by the Academic Committee，The principal’s office meeting will then make the decision) ，But there are no detailed provisions on the composition of the academic committee，As a result, most of the members of academic committees of many universities are professors with party and government positions，Very few professors without party or government positions join academic committees，This will easily cause the academic committee to be in name only。Therefore，The construction of university charters in my country should clearly state the participation of professors in school management，There must be clear provisions on the composition of the academic committee or professor committee，This is more conducive to exerting professors’ democratic management rights over university affairs，Thus improving the school’s supervision mechanism。

(four) Improve the procedures for formulating and revising university charter

On the one hand，The formulation and modification of university charters must reflect their legitimacy。University Charter as the University“Constitution”，National Education Law、The Higher Education Law provides the legal basis for the formulation of university charters，However，my country’s Higher Education Law does not clearly stipulate the procedure for amending university charters，So there is no written law to refer to，This leads to inconsistent procedures for amending the charter，Influenced the authority of the university charter，Most of the judicial cases in modern universities are related to illegal procedures，This is the fatal weakness of our country’s university charter。Therefore，In order to avoid the above disadvantages，The revision of my country’s Higher Education Law is imminent。On the other hand，The formulation and revision of university charters must reflect their democracy and feasibility。Generally, university charters in my country are formulated with reference to statutory laws，At least through the proposal of the draft charter、Deliberation of the draft、The process of draft adoption and publication。However，Lack of procedural norms in the drafting process of the charter，The composition of the personnel involved in drafting the charter is unscientific，The approval of the charter by the education authorities is in vain，Openness of University Charter、Low transparency，Influenced the implementation of the charter。In order to better solve these problems，Should learn from Cornell University’s charter development process，Make full use of the role of the board of directors。In our country，The members of the University Charter Drafting Group cannot all be administrative staff，Should be the main body at all levels of the school，Including school leaders、Manager、Teacher、Students and others must have representatives to participate，Only the charter created by such a drafting group can truly reflect the all-round situation of the school，Fully express the interests and demands of all parties。The education authorities and schools should conscientiously negotiate and communicate on basic issues regarding running schools，Achieve a common will，Effectively perform its approval rights。After the promulgation of the charter，Intensify publicity，Enhancing people’s understanding of the university’s charter，In order to put the provisions of the University Charter into practice。