"National Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan Outline( 2010－ 2020Year)》pointed out:All types of colleges and universities should formulate charters in accordance with the law and manage the schools in accordance with the provisions of the charters. Accelerating the construction of university charter will become“Twelfth Five-Year Plan”One of the focuses of my country’s higher education work during the 6971_7042| period. In order to provide useful reference for the construction of my country’s university charters, the author analyzed the text of the charters of Cornell University in the United States, which is listed below for reference.

1. Basic contents of Cornell University Charter

Among the more than 4,000 universities in the United States, private universities are famous for their long history and high teaching quality, especially the Ivy League(Ivy League, also translated as“Ivy”) The eight universities in the alliance are the most famous. Compared to other Ivy League universities, 1865 Year 4 month 27 Founded in Japan,1868 Year 10 Cornell University officially enrolls in October(Cornell University)is the youngest and the only public-private university among them. It is the only one among the eight Ivy League schools after the American Revolution. After Cornell University was founded, it won recognition from all walks of life in a very short period of time. This is not unrelated to its distinctive and innovative university charter.

The current Cornell University Charter is provided through 2008 Year 5 month 24 The revised version on the day of 10455_10469|The charter is issued by25 Chapter composition, the specific content is as follows:ArticlesI, university, including w88 casino name, w88 casino address, w88 casino emblem, financial date, academic year, goals and powers of the university, departments and other independent academic units;ArticlesII, Board of Directors, including the powers, composition and term of the Board of Directors, nomination and election of Board members, elections by alumni and other voters, quorum of Board meetings, emeritus members;ArticlesIII, each committee of the Board of Directors has established various committees in personnel, academic affairs, investment, auditing, finance, government relations, alumni affairs and development, adjustment proposals, etc.;ArticlesIV, Annual Audit;ArticlesV, Principal, including terms of office, powers, duties and tenure;ArticlesVIHe CharterVII, stipulates the election methods, conditions, powers, obligations and deadlines for deans, other university administrators, vice presidents and vice presidents;ArticlesVIII, Executive Vice Chancellor for Finance and Administration;ArticlesIX, University Secretary;ArticlesX, University Legal Counsel;ArticlesXI, internal management of the university;ArticlesXII, University Professors Association(University faculty), including personnel composition, functions and dean;ArticlesXIII, colleges and departments(College and w88 casino Faculties), including college personnel composition, powers and responsibilities;ArticlesXIV, Degree Awarded;ChapterXV, deans, directors and other academic staff;ArticlesXVI, Appointment and tenure of teaching and research personnel;ArticlesXVII, visiting professor, including terms of appointment, rights, responsibilities and benefits;ArticlesXVIII, Traffic and Parking Rules;ArticlesXIX, Academic Advisory Committee;ArticlesXX,Medical Center;ArticlesXXI, compensation;ArticlesXXII, conflict of interest;ArticlesXXIII, Miscellaneous Provisions;ArticlesXXIV, equal rights to education and employment opportunities;ArticlesXXV, Regulations for Amending the Articles of Association.

2. Analysis of the Characteristics of Cornell University’s Charter

(一) w88 casino philosophy, clearly stated

The Cornell University Charter clarifies the university’s philosophy, development goals, educational purposes, main tasks, etc., and is closely related to the university’s characteristics and positioning.

First of all, the charter is in Chapter 1“University”points out the motto of Cornell University, which is the inscription of the founder of the university, Ezra Cornell:“Let anyone learn the subjects they want to learn here.”It embodies Cornell’s educational philosophy of equality, fairness, and comprehensive disciplines. And the purpose of Cornell's founding of this university is to build a university open to all students, regardless of gender, race, religious beliefs, nationality and financial ability. Cornell University is known as the first real American university because of this innovative educational concept.

Secondly, the charter stipulates that the mission of the university is to serve its alumni, community, state, nation and the world through its own efforts as a recipient of government land grants. It can be seen that the mission of Cornell University is mainly to persistently participate in society and serve the public. It advocates closely linking individuals and society, highlighting personal service to society, and embodies its social-oriented values ​​and its sense of responsibility and gratitude for giving back to society.

Thirdly, Cornell University’s charter also stipulates that the w88 casino’s main mission is to promote free and practical education in industrial courses. The w88 casino mainly teaches subject knowledge related to agriculture and machinery, including military strategy. It can be seen that although Cornell University proposed“Let anyone learn the subjects they want to learn here”, but it is not complicated and has no focus. Instead, it regards agriculture and mechanics as key development subjects, which reflects its w88 casino-running characteristics of being a w88 casino donated by the government and attaching importance to practical application of knowledge and serving the society.

(二) System operation, full of details

Looking at the chapters of the Cornell University Charter, it is not difficult to find that the content arrangement of the Charter is all-inclusive, comprehensive, and specific, including detailed provisions on the university's mission, development goals, internal management system, sources of education funds, financial systems, appointment systems for teaching staff, charter modification procedures, etc., and even specific regulations on traffic rules and vehicle parking. At the same time, being focused is also one of the features of Cornell University’s charter. It focuses on standardizing the rules of procedure for the board of directors and its subordinate committees, strictly and specifically stipulates the rights and responsibilities of university administrative personnel, and divides the responsibilities of personnel in various departments. This lays the foundation for the university to follow rules and implement effective system management.

First, the board of directors system that stipulates the university charter. The charter states that the board of directors supervises the operation of the university, and clearly stipulates its rights and responsibilities. The board of directors has the highest management power over the w88 casino, makes decisions on major issues such as the w88 casino's development strategy, academics, administration, and finance, and supervises the effective implementation of these decisions. Cornell University's Board of Trustees consists of64composed of members, including4part-time members,1Hereditary members,3appointed members,56board members(Elected by the Board of Trustees, alumni, faculty, students and non-academic staff). It can be seen that Cornell University attaches great importance to the connection between on-campus and off-campus. The board of directors is composed of people from all walks of life such as schools, governments, and enterprises, which embodies the diverse and democratic w88 casino governance philosophy and helps the w88 casino gain support from society and the government. The charter devotes one-third of its space to describing the w88 casino’s requirements from three aspects: member composition, election methods, and rights and obligations12Each board committee has made detailed provisions, which shows its importance.

Secondly, the internal management system implements the principal responsibility system under the leadership of the board of directors. The President is entrusted by the Board of Trustees to serve as the university's administrator and educational officer and manage the daily internal affairs of the w88 casino. The president is responsible not only to a board of directors, but also to the faculty and staff. The president is primarily responsible for establishing an agenda, proposing a direction, helping faculty and staff agree on a specific direction, and providing general supervision of the management of university affairs. The charter stipulates that the president has the right to appoint administrative personnel, teaching staff, and researchers, and is responsible for implementing the financial budget management system, and coordinates and controls all aspects of the w88 casino's funds and financial activities based on this system. This stipulates the university's independent personnel and financial rights in the form of law, making the educational management agency independent of government agencies to avoid administrative interference in teaching and academics. At the same time, Cornell University's charter divides the w88 casino's teaching and research staff into more than a dozen levels. These levels are also the structure of appointments. The appointment or promotion of faculty members at each level must be approved by the president in accordance with the procedures.

Again, professors are involved in the management of university affairs. Professorial governance means the separation of academic and administrative aspects. Cornell University’s professorial governance is achieved by establishing the University Professors’ Association and granting the organization corresponding rights. so called“Professor governs the w88 casino"23945_23978———Professors and all teachers can participate in w88 casino management independently, which is conducive to the formation of a democratic atmosphere in the university and true academic freedom. According to the provisions of the Cornell University Charter, the Faculty Council has the right to discuss any issue involving the educational policy of the whole w88 casino or multiple colleges and propose proposals to the Board of Directors, but the proposals must be composed of no less than 7 A committee composed of members of the Faculty Council appointed by different colleges shall propose that the committee shall have the right to meet with members of the w88 casino board or committees subordinate to the board of directors. The chairman of the professor association shall be elected by all members of the professor association, and the term shall not exceed3Year. These regulations effectively protect professors’ rights to democratic management of university affairs and, to a certain extent, maintain the academic and independent attributes of the university.

(三) Articles of Association revision, more frequent

The development of universities changes with the changes in the university's own conditions and social environment. University charters in Western countries will also be continuously revoked and modified as universities change. University charters are basically updated every year. In recent years, the Cornell University Charter has been revised as follows2005Year1month25Day,2007Year1month27Day,2008Year5month2426428_2654025 Regulations:“These Bylaws may be changed at any Board meeting as long as a majority of the Directors present and voting in favor or thirty unanimous votes. However, board members must be notified at least five days before the meeting and the content to be revised must be submitted.”It can be seen that the revision of the Cornell University Charter has strict procedural norms, which reflects the seriousness, legitimacy, and democracy of the University Charter.

3. The Enlightenment of Cornell University Charter on the Construction of Chinese University Charter

(一) The university charter should highlight the distinctive w88 casino-running philosophy

Although our country's university charters are legal, they are basically a mechanical combination of the country's current laws and regulations on education and w88 casino-related systems. The most prominent problem is that the w88 casino's philosophy is similar and there is no individuality. Each w88 casino imitates each other and makes charters for the sake of charters. In essence, a distinctive w88 casino-running philosophy requires in-depth thinking about the w88 casino's mission, w88 casino-running purposes, w88 casino-running goals and other fundamental issues of the university. However, an analysis of the charters promulgated by my country's public universities found that the regulations on the purpose of running schools and the form of education are basically the same, as pointed out in the charters of several universities“The w88 casino takes talent cultivation and knowledge innovation as its fundamental tasks and carries out teaching, scientific research and social service activities”. These are general statements and can be the purpose of any university. In order to eliminate this“One Thousand Schools"'s criticism, in the process of formulating charters, Chinese universities should actively learn from the experience of Cornell University's charter in regulating the purpose of running a w88 casino, so that the provisions on the purpose of running a w88 casino in the charter can be both practical and distinctive, reflect national requirements and show the connotation of the w88 casino, and play a practical role in regulating and leading the development of the w88 casino.

(二) University charter should be operable and reduce abstract expressions

my country’s university charters are too abstract in terms of expression and lack operability. For example, as stipulated in the university charter,“The w88 casino cares for students who encounter special difficulties in study and life, and provides necessary help for their healthy growth”, the specific help provided is more important, but it is not reflected in the charter. In addition, because the division of powers between the university party committee and the president is not specific enough, it is easy to confuse the relationship between the party committee and administration in practice, thus affecting the implementation of the president's responsibility system under the leadership of the university party committee. To overcome the shortcomings of abstraction and lack of operability, my country's university charters should learn from Cornell University. Faced with complex university governance issues, they should have substantive content and truly serve as a guide, rather than being vague. Detailed provisions should be made in all aspects, with particular emphasis on the functions and powers of each administrative department to ensure that each department can perform its duties under the auspices of the president.

(三) University Charter Response“Professors participate in management"There are clear regulations

Academic staff, mainly professors, should participate in decision-making on major issues involving the development of the w88 casino. This is a common practice at world-class universities, including Cornell University. Professors’ participation in w88 casino management should be21The key contents in the Charter of Century University are stated. However, in our country, professors’ participation in w88 casino management is not paid enough attention, so the regulations in this regard are not clear enough. Although in accordance with the provisions of the Higher Education Act, the University has established an Academic Council(Major academic matters will be decided by the principal’s office meeting after being reviewed by the academic committee) , but there are no detailed regulations on the composition of academic committees. As a result, most of the members of academic committees in many universities are professors with party and government positions. Professors without party and government positions rarely join academic committees, which easily results in academic committees being in name only. Therefore, the construction of university charters in my country should clearly state the participation of professors in w88 casino management, and clearly define the composition of academic committees or professor committees. This will be more conducive to giving full play to professors’ democratic management rights over university affairs, thereby improving the w88 casino’s supervision mechanism.

(four) Improve the procedures for formulating and revising university charter

On the one hand, the formulation and modification of university charters must reflect their legitimacy. University Charter as the University's“Constitution”, the country's "Education Law" and "Higher Education Law" provide legal basis for the formulation of university charters. However, our country's "Higher Education Law" does not clearly stipulate the procedure for amending university charters, so there is no written law to refer to. This leads to inconsistent procedures for revising charters and affects the authority of university charters. Most of the judicial cases in modern universities are related to illegal procedures, which is the fatal weakness of our country's university charters. Therefore, in order to avoid the above disadvantages, the revision of my country's Higher Education Law is urgent. On the other hand, the formulation and modification of university charters must reflect its democracy and feasibility. Generally speaking, university charters in my country are formulated with reference to statutory laws, and must at least go through the process of proposing a draft charter, reviewing the draft, adopting the draft, and publishing it. However, there is a lack of procedural norms in the drafting process of the charter, the composition of the personnel involved in the drafting of the charter is unscientific, the approval of the charter by the education authorities is in name only, and the openness and transparency of the university charter are low, which affects the implementation effect of the charter. In order to better solve these problems, we should learn from Cornell University's charter-making process and give full play to the role of the board of directors. In our country, the members of the university charter drafting group cannot be all administrative staff. They should be the main body at all levels of the w88 casino, including w88 casino leaders, administrators, teachers, students, etc. Representatives must participate. Only the charter created by such a drafting group can truly reflect the all-round situation of the w88 casino and fully express the interests and demands of all parties. The education authorities and schools should conscientiously negotiate and communicate on basic issues related to running schools, reach a common will, and effectively perform their approval rights. After the charter is promulgated, publicity efforts will be increased to enhance people's understanding of the university charter so that the provisions of the university charter can be put into practice.