Prediction of the basic trend of w88 online casino betting’s political reform
Wang Zhimin
(Source: People’s Forum Network2017YearJanuary 20)
[Abstract]w88 online casino bettingThe continued fermentation of "cronies interfering in politics" has not only severely damaged the self-esteem of its citizens, but also affected w88 online casino betting's national image. Almost none of w88 online casino betting's presidents have a happy ending. This is undoubtedly due to the institutional design of South Korean politics after World War II. The political ecology characterized by the "imperial president" has led to the emergence of hate politics. Under the rule of this "imperial president", there is still a political and business relationship that is "constantly cut and regulated". The institutional design of South Korean politics in the future will mainly focus on aspects such as presidential power, party system, and political and business relations.
[Keywords]“Crony interferes in politics” Imperial President System Design Park Geun-hye
w88 online casino betting isThe leader among the "Four Asian Tigers", has created the "Miracle on the Han River" economically, and was once regarded as a model of political transformation and a top student in social governance. However, the endless scandals in w88 online casino betting's political arena have not only severely damaged the self-esteem of its citizens, but also dealt a heavy blow to w88 online casino betting's national image. This has made it even worse for the South Korean economy, which is currently plagued by crises. At present, Park Geun-hye is deeply involved in "cronies meddling in politics". Incidents continue to ferment and her future is uncertain.
The realistic thrust behind the fermentation of cronies’ interference in politics
In December 2012, Park Geun-hye, the presidential candidate of the Saenuri Party, was elected as the 18th President of w88 online casino betting. South Korean media reported at the time that Park Geun-hye's election created at least five firsts: w88 online casino betting's first female president, the first president-elect whose father is the president, the first unmarried president, the first elected president with more than half of the votes, and the first president with an engineering major (electronic engineering major at Sogang University, w88 online casino betting). During the campaign, Park Geun-hye once said warmly, "I have no parents, husband, or children" and "I am married to w88 online casino betting." Park Geun-hye moved many Koreans, especially when she set the goal of national government operations as "a hopeful new era of national happiness."
After Park Geun-hye came to power, economic reforms expanded to almost all areas, and it was proposed to passThe "creative economy" promotes economic development, attempts to satisfy the interests of different classes in w88 online casino betting, and obtains recognition from the whole society. However, w88 online casino betting is an export-oriented country, and w88 online casino betting's economic growth will benefit more from the development of the global economy. w88 online casino betting's foreign policy is to "rely on China for economy and the United States for security." Especially in July 2016, it made a hasty decision to deploy the "THAAD" system that harmed the strategic relationship between China and w88 online casino betting, which to a certain extent damaged the confidence of South Korean companies. In addition, in the past four years since Park Geun-hye took office, various economic indicators have deteriorated to varying degrees. While housing prices continue to rise, people's wages have remained unchanged. Recall that Park Geun-hye vowed at the presidential inauguration ceremony to implement creative economic policies and open a new era of national happiness. Now it seems that w88 online casino betting is slipping into unfortunate times. Koreans’ dissatisfaction with the status quo naturally turned to dissatisfaction with the Park Geun-hye government.
The occurrence of the political crisis of the Park Geun-hye government is both inevitable and accidental, and has both deep-seated and direct causes. There are two accidental and direct reasons: First, the Park Geun-hye government insists on deploying in w88 online casino bettingThe "THAAD" anti-missile system, and the second is the occurrence of "cronies interfering in politics".
On July 8, 2016, the US and South Korean militaries issued a joint statement in Seoul, deciding to deploy a "terminal high-altitude area defense system" at US military bases in w88 online casino betting（Terminal High Altitude Air Defense，AbbreviationTHAAD）。The radar of the "THAAD" anti-missile system has a maximum detection range of 2,000-3,000 kilometers and can monitor China's inland ballistic missile launches.The "THAAD" anti-missile system not only poses a great threat to China's strategic security, but also faces strong opposition from the people in w88 online casino betting. In the eyes of the South Korean people, the "THAAD" anti-missile system not only has limited deterrence against North Korea, but also cannot protect the capital area. Its electromagnetic waves first threaten people's safety. It also intensifies the situation on the Korean Peninsula and has a negative impact on China-w88 online casino betting relations, especially economic relations. The "THAAD" incident, on the one hand, worsened w88 online casino betting's surrounding environment, and on the other hand, it also severely tore apart South Korean society. It was a heavy blow to w88 online casino betting's troubled economic recovery, and it also severely damaged the people's trust in the Park Geun-hye government politically.
Park Geun-hyeThe "Crony Interference in Politics" incident first came from a joint protest at Ewha Womans University. Ewha Womans University is the cradle of first ladies and has trained a total of 6 first ladies of w88 online casino betting. w88 online casino betting's first female doctor, first female doctor, first female lawyer, first female CEO, and first female prime minister all graduated from Ewha University. However, there was a female student named Zheng Weiluo who was admitted to Ewha Womans University because of her expertise in horse racing. This Zheng Weiluo became a special student at Ewha University. He often skipped classes and failed exams. He was also very high-profile. He showed off his wealth on the Internet many times and mocked other students as losers. He even asked his mother to call the professor to ask him to revise his grades because of his low test scores, causing the professor to resign due to the pressure. Zheng Weiluo's series of behaviors including using backdoors, ridiculing classmates, and insulting professors triggered more than ten days of protests by teachers and students at Ewha Womans University, forcing the president to resign. Who is this Zheng Weiluo? Who is Zheng Weiluo's mother who called and scolded the professor?
Zheng Weiluo’s mother is Choi Soon-sil, who is President Park Geun-hye’s best friend. After the incident was disclosed, Park Geun-hye apologized to the people and said:"Cui Soon-sil is the one who lends a helping hand in times of trouble." The matter does not end there, because this best friend also hides more secrets. Choi Soon-sil has been Park Geun-hye's best friend for decades. She helped Park Geun-hye when she was at a low point in her life, and the two talked about everything. On the evening of October 24, 2016, w88 online casino betting's JTBC TV station reported that Choi Soon-sil, who has no official position, had received more than 200 documents, including 44 presidential speeches. Some of the speeches were opened before the president's speech, and she had revised the speech before the president's speech. Jung Ho-sung, the former deputy secretary of the presidential office, is suspected of conveying government documents containing presidential speeches and diplomatic security secrets to Choi Soon-sil.
This is a serious incident that undermines national discipline. South Korean people began to doubt Park Geun-hye's moral character and even more doubt her ability to govern. Many people think they elected Park Geun-hye, but it is Choi Soon-sil who is in charge. Adopted by Park Geun-hyeIn response, the Park Geun-hye regime responded by accepting the resignations of Secretary General Lee Won-jong, Chief Secretary for Policy Adjustment Ahn Jong-beom, Chief Secretary for Government Affairs Kim Jae-won, Chief Civil Affairs Secretary Woo Byeong-woo, and Chief Secretary for Gazette Kim Seung-woo. Lee Jae-man, Jung Ho-sung, and Ahn Bong-geun, known as the trio of the Park Geun-hye regime, also submitted their resignations. Faced with constant protests from South Korean citizens, Park Geun-hye nominated Kim Byung-joon, the director of the Policy Office of the Presidential Office during the Roh Moo-hyun administration and a professor at Kookmin University, as the prime minister. However, she encountered strong opposition from the opposition parties, and Park Geun-hye's efforts to escape the crisis through personnel changes failed. On November 20, 2016, the South Korean prosecutors officially announced that Park Geun-hye was "complicit in committing crimes" to a large extent in "Choi Soon-sil's political involvement" and regarded her as a suspect and formally filed a case.
Affected by this, Park Geun-hye’s image and credibility have been greatly reduced, and her support rate has dropped to unprecedented levels4%, support rate among young people is 0%. On December 9, 2016, the South Korean Congress passed the impeachment case against President Park Geun-hye with 234 votes in favor, 56 votes against, and 2 abstentions (and 7 invalid votes). Various revelations about Park Geun-hye are still coming one after another. For example, some people say that Park Geun-hye has spent 700 million won (approximately 4.13 million yuan) on clothes since taking office. Others say that Park Geun-hye’s best friend Choi Soon-sil met with senior executives of Lockheed, the manufacturer of THAAD, in June 2015 and received kickbacks, etc.
The inherent flaws in the design of the "imperial president" system
After the end of World War II, with the support of the United States and the Soviet Union,In August 1948, the Republic of Korea was established in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and in September 1948, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was established in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The armistice agreement in 1953 further solidified the division between the north and the south of the Korean peninsula, leading to a confrontation between the north and the south for more than half a century. As the main participant and organizer of the Korean War, the United States not only stationed troops in w88 online casino betting to this day, but also dominated the design of w88 online casino betting's political system. The system design under this special background not only has a strong authoritarian political flavor, but can also be traced back to the historical origin of w88 online casino betting's cronies intervening in politics.
First, owned by the President of w88 online casino betting"Emperor" power. After the war, w88 online casino betting established a Western-style political system under the leadership of the United States and implemented the so-called "separation of powers" system. However, w88 online casino betting, which experienced the Korean War, has always been at the forefront of the Cold War confrontation. The United States not only stationed troops in w88 online casino betting, but also needed a strong "imperial president" to maintain the US-w88 online casino betting alliance. As far as w88 online casino betting is concerned, the "imperial president" not only privatized power by monopolizing the decision-making process, but also monopolized power and implemented policies with high efficiency. He also created the world-famous "Miracle on the Han River", thus placing w88 online casino betting among the ranks of developed economies. As an individual, the ability of an "imperial president" is always limited, but his power is unlimited. Coupled with the unique culture of rule of man in the historical tradition of East Asia, this kind of "imperial president" decision-making can not only rely on the decision-making team, but also in the context of the lack of effective supervision mechanisms. Family members, relatives, and cronies inevitably play an extremely important role in presidential decision-making. This undoubtedly provides a convenient door for power rent-seeking and benefit transfer. In order to ensure that his will is carried out, South Korean presidents often go beyond the traditional bureaucracy, establish various committees that are conducive to presidential control, and place a large number of cronies among them.
Secondly,The political ecology characterized by the "imperial president" directly forms the politics of hatred. The direct result of w88 online casino betting's system design is that the president has unlimited power when he is in office, but is brutally liquidated after he steps down. In the late 1980s, in order to prevent the recurrence of military dictatorship, w88 online casino betting limited the presidential term to one five-year term and could not be re-elected. This will inevitably have "short-term effects." In order to establish his prestige or win the support of voters, the newly elected president often takes advantage of his predecessor, even his own party colleagues. Syngman Rhee, the first president of w88 online casino betting, was overthrown by Park Chung-hee in a coup in 1961. Park Chung-hee, who came to power through the coup, was assassinated by his intelligence minister. Although President Chun Doo-hwan gave up his dictatorship and ushered in the so-called democratization of w88 online casino betting, he was sentenced to death (later changed to life imprisonment) for treason and corruption after he stepped down. The first democratically elected president Roh Tae-woo was sentenced to 17 years in prison after he stepped down. "Democracy fighter" Kim Young-sam resigned amidst condemnation due to his son's corruption. Kim Dae-jung, who won the Nobel Peace Prize and was called the "Mandela of Asia", has three sons who have been prosecuted or arrested for bribery or tax evasion. After Roh Moo-hyun stepped down, he was still accused of various corruption, and finally ended his life by jumping off a cliff.
Again,Under the rule of the "Imperial President", there is a political and business relationship that is "continuously cut and chaotic". w88 online casino betting achieved economic development under the dictatorship of Park Chung-hee. The basic path was for the government to support large enterprises and vigorously develop heavy and chemical industries. Giant companies such as Samsung, Daewoo, SK, LG, Lotte, and Hyundai were developed through government support. The reason why these companies receive key government support is precisely because of their personal relationships with those in power. Syngman Rhee is a good friend of the father of Samsung founder Lee Byung-cheol, Park Chung-hee has a deep personal relationship with Hyundai Group founder Jung Ju-young, and the father of SK Group Chairman Kim Woo-jung is Park Chung-hee's mentor. After entering the democratization period of political transition, chaebols began to vigorously penetrate into the political arena. Some big businessmen were elected to Congress. Some chaebols supported agents by funding Congress members, and even used the marriage of their children to infiltrate important institutions such as the government, Congress, courts, and banks. Insider trading occurs frequently in large Korean conglomerates and economic scandals continue to break out. In 2003, Hyundai Group CEO Chung Mong-hun committed suicide by jumping off a building, and SK Group Chairman Choi Tae-won was sentenced to three years in prison. In 2006, Daewoo Group founder Kim Woo-jung was sentenced to 10 years in prison for financial fraud and embezzlement of public funds, and Samsung Chairman Lee Kun-hee was sentenced to probation twice.
Basic trend analysis of future Korean system design
w88 online casino bettingThe "Crony Interference in Politics" incident will undoubtedly push South Korean society to accelerate the pace of political reform, and w88 online casino betting will face another political transformation. First, constrain the presidential power based on the "separation of powers" model. As a capitalist country, w88 online casino betting has almost completely accepted the idea of capitalist democracy. In the future, it will be designed according to the "separation of three powers" system, with division of labor and checks and balances between the legislative, administrative and judicial powers. In fact, in recent years, there have been calls in w88 online casino betting to amend the constitution to decentralize presidential power. A South Korean poll in June 2016 showed that 69.8% of the respondents were in favor of amending the constitution and adopting a presidential re-election system, while only 12.5% were opposed. In her speech to the National Assembly on October 24, 2016, President Park Geun-hye proposed amending the constitution to limit the presidential power to foreign affairs and national defense, leaving internal affairs such as the economy to be handled by the prime minister elected by the National Assembly. She even proposed changing the presidential system to a parliamentary cabinet system. However, because Park Geun-hye was deeply involved in the scandal of "cronies interfering in politics", the constitutional amendment motion encountered setbacks as soon as it was proposed.
Secondly,"Crony interference in politics" will promote the reform of w88 online casino betting's political party system. Many political parties in w88 online casino betting do not have their own political ideas and governance concepts, but only aim at elections. This is because most political parties in w88 online casino betting are formed around prominent families. They carry out party activities with their financial support, and they formulate party policies or participate in elections. They have the characteristics of cadre parties. Some new presidents actually change the names of their political parties after taking office. For example, when Kim Dae-jung was elected president in 1997, the party was called the "National Convention for New Politics," but before the 16th National Assembly election in 2000, it was changed to the "New Millennium Democratic Party." The Saenuri Party also changed its name from "New Korea Party" to its current name before the 1997 presidential election. South Korean political parties are centered on the president and have strong cohesion because the president and presidential candidates can maintain the loyalty of members of Congress through ex-ante selection and ex-post control. In particular, the president has a variety of appointment and dismissal powers. w88 online casino betting's political party chaos has reached a point where it must be reformed.
Once again, w88 online casino betting’s political reform will surely touch the unique political and business relationship. Almost none of the South Korean presidents after World War II died a happy death. The reason was either that the president himself was corrupt and violated the law, or that his children and relatives took bribes. In the future, w88 online casino betting's reform of government-business relations may proceed from two aspects: on the one hand, the government will continue to promote existing mechanisms such as the official personal property disclosure system and the real-name system for financial transactions, and pass legislation on this basis to institutionally cut off the chain of interests between government and business; on the other hand, the regulatory authorities will increase the supervision of enterprises, especially the punishment of consortium dignitaries, to avoid the recurrence of former Samsung Chairman Lee Kun-hee's two probations and two amnesties. The operation of democratic politics is inseparable from money. The influence of w88 online casino betting's large conglomerates has broken through the economic field and has penetrated into the marrow and blood of w88 online casino betting's politics. We will wait and see how effective the reform will be.
(The author is the director of the Institute of Globalization and China Modernization at the w88 casino, and a professor at the Collaborative Innovation Center for Theoretical and Practical Research on Building an Open Economic Power in Beijing Universities)
[References]
① Zheng Jiyong: "Korean Party System", Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press, 2008.
②Dong Xiangrong: "Changes in the Status and Operational Characteristics of the Korean Congress", "National People's Congress of China", Issue 22, 2015.
Editor/Zhang Han Art Editor/Li Xiangfeng
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