Foreign experience in Internet governance
Xiong Guangqing
(Source: "People's Forum" January 29, 2016)
Core tip:At present, strengthening network w88 online sports betting governance has become one of the important tasks for many countries. The United Kingdom, Germany, Russia and other countries continue to strengthen network governance and have begun to form relatively mature network w88 online sports betting governance systems. Learning from foreign Internet governance experiences and lessons will help build China’s network w88 online sports betting governance capabilities.
At the beginning of the rise of the Internet, many countries did not realize the importance of Internet governance. However, in recent years, as more and more problems have appeared on the Internet, w88 online sports betting challenges have also become greater. Many countries have begun to strengthen Internet governance. Many developed countries have established national strategies for cyberspace, paying special attention to areas involving national w88 online sports betting, and have formed a relatively mature network w88 online sports betting governance system.
The UK attaches equal importance to cyber economic w88 online sports betting and national w88 online sports betting
In November 2011, the British government released a new "Cyber w88 online sports betting Strategy" report, stating that it would establish a more trustworthy and adaptable digital environment to achieve economic prosperity and protect national w88 online sports betting and social order. The UK government wants to encourage more people to use digital services, but at the same time is working hard to educate individuals and businesses about the risks of data breaches. One of the most important objectives of the UK National Cyber w88 online sports betting Plan is to establish a partnership for sharing cyber w88 online sports betting information (Cyber-w88 online sports betting Information Sharing Partnership, CISP). This is a joint government-funded and industry project that brings together many business organizations to share the latest information on cyber threats, with the main goal of improving the overall w88 online sports betting of UK industry. Under the new cooperation mechanism, the number of companies has increased to 160. Members within the mechanism receive shared information from a secure web portal, including real-time alerts of cyberattacks. Internally shared information includes technical details of network attacks, means of planning attacks, and how to respond to attacks and reduce losses.
In the UK, the government attaches great importance to the protection of personal information, especially sensitive and important personal data involving banking and finance. Some legal provisions even stipulate heavy financial penalties for companies and individuals who leak personal data. The British government stated that the UK will establish responsible norms of behavior in cyberspace and at the same time promote the UK to become a leader in network technology and policy. In November 2015, British Chancellor of the Exchequer Osborne announced that the UK plans to invest 1.9 billion pounds over five years to combat cyber attacks and cyber terrorist activities to prevent terrorists from using the Internet to threaten British national w88 online sports betting.
The British government attaches great importance to strengthening the cyber w88 online sports betting of the army and military supply chain and integrating it into defense planning. The words of British MP Francis Moder well summarized the characteristics of the British cybersecurity strategy. He said: "The national w88 online sports betting strategy has listed cybersecurity as one of the top priorities along with international terrorism, international military crises and natural disasters. Our main goal is to make the UK the safest business base in the world." It can be seen that the British cybersecurity strategy attaches great importance to both economic w88 online sports betting and national w88 online sports betting.
Germany pays special attention to top-level design and technology research and development
Germany is the country with the most developed information technology in Europe. It attaches great importance to the w88 online sports betting and development of cyberspace. As early as 1974, it approved the first "Four-Year Development Plan" related to informatization, and promulgated the "Digital Protection Act" in 1977. In July 2015, the German Parliament passed the "German Cybersecurity Law", marking the shift from fragmentation to unification of German cybersecurity legislation. The "German Cybersecurity Law" not only absorbs the definition of "critical infrastructure" in the "German Cybersecurity Strategy", but also clarifies the legal responsibilities of "critical infrastructure" operators on this basis. The "German Cybersecurity Law" stipulates that any industry or enterprise that is closely related to the daily life of the German people, such as water resources, energy, communications, medical care, transportation, finance, insurance, etc., falls within the scope of protection of critical infrastructure. The German Cyber w88 online sports betting Act expands network monitoring rights, establishes a network w88 online sports betting reporting system, and adds obligations for telecom operators. In addition, funding and personnel investment in the Federal Office for Information w88 online sports betting and the German Federal Criminal Police Office have also been increased, aiming to further strengthen the German network w88 online sports betting department.
In Germany’s network w88 online sports betting system, technology research and development is also placed in an important position. The German government has established "w88 online sports betting partnerships" with many information technology companies such as semiconductor and system solution provider Infineon. The German government also vigorously promotes the "Information Technology w88 online sports betting Research" project. At present, the German Ministry of the Interior has drafted the "Information Technology w88 online sports betting Law", hoping to use legal binding force to force critical infrastructure operators, telecommunications service providers, etc. to effectively shoulder the important task of protecting information technology w88 online sports betting.
Russia seeks to establish a “new international information w88 online sports betting order”
As one of the main strategic competitors of the United States, Russia has a stranglehold on the United States’ cyber hegemony. Russia has always advocated the establishment of an international code of conduct in cyberspace, and even proposed thatICANN's power is transferred to the United Nations. In order to improve its network w88 online sports betting capabilities, Russia has made a lot of efforts and attempts in recent years, including the following measures.
First, strengthen system construction and legislative work. In July 2006, Russia passed and promulgated the Law on Information, Information Technology and Information Protection, which is considered the basic law specifically discussing information w88 online sports betting issues. Later, Russia successively formulated programmatic documents such as the "Russian National w88 online sports betting Concept", the "Russian Federation Information w88 online sports betting Outline", the "National Information w88 online sports betting Doctrine", and the "Russian Information Construction Goals 2002~2010". In January 2013, Putin signed a presidential decree ordering the Russian Federal w88 online sports betting Service to establish a national computer information w88 online sports betting mechanism to monitor, prevent and eliminate computer information hazards. In August 2013, the Government of the Russian Federation announced the "National Policy Framework of the Russian Federation in the Field of International Information w88 online sports betting until 2020." In January 2014, Russia announced the "Russian Federation Cyber w88 online sports betting Strategic Concept" (discussion draft), which aims to determine the priorities, principles and measures of domestic and foreign cyber w88 online sports betting policies and effectively protect the cyber w88 online sports betting of Russian Federation citizens, organizations and the country.
Second, focus on strengthening the construction of network forces. Russia focuses on building a national early warning system to prevent cyber attacks and cyber threats, establish a cyber w88 online sports betting incident response center, formulate and implement crisis response plans, eliminate possible or existing cyber threats, and enhance cyber w88 online sports betting emergency response capabilities. At present, Russia already has a cyber threat response agency in its powerful departments.
Third, strengthen international cooperation in network w88 online sports betting. In December 2012, when the International Telecommunications Conference was held in Dubai, Russia and other countries proposed a proposal that member governments have equal rights in Internet management and the allocation of Internet resources to strengthen the role of governments in the development and management of the Internet. This proposal is supported by some countries, but is opposed by some Western countries such as the United States and large companies such as Google. In November 2014, at the World Internet Conference held in China, a Russian representative stated: “Cyberspace should be an open international resource and should be regulated by fair international mechanisms. It is necessary to ensure that all countries enjoy equal and universal rights to economic development. We support network governance. Internationalization, we support the equal rights of all countries to participate in this process.” In May 2015, Russia and China signed the “Intergovernmental Cooperation Agreement in the Field of International Information w88 online sports betting”. Both parties are particularly concerned about the threats of using computer technology to undermine national sovereignty, w88 online sports betting and interfere in internal affairs.
(The author is deputy dean and professor of the w88 casino of International Relations, w88 casino)
Attachment: Original report link：
http://www.rmlt.com.cn/2016/0129/416423.shtml
