The rapid development of w88 sports betting “CCP studies”

Xiong Guangqing

(Source: "PeopleForum》2015Year10下月)

w88 sports betting “CCP Studies” have developed very rapidly in recent years. A number of influential research institutions and research scholars have been formed in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Japan, Singapore and other countries, and a large number of books and papers have been published. The development of w88 sports betting CCP studies will help the international academic community and the international community understand and understand the Chinese Communist Party more objectively and impartially, and will also help the Chinese Communist Party improve its international image.

w88 sports betting “CCP Studies” research has a relatively long history. In the past two or three decades, due to China's rapid development and improvement of its international status, as well as more and more discussions about China's development model, foreign countries have paid more attention to the study of China issues. The Communist Party of China is the core leadership of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the only ruling party in China. Therefore, in order to truly provide a more reasonable explanation for China issues, it is necessary to strengthen the study of the Communist Party of China. In this way, w88 sports betting scholars have continued to deepen their research on the Chinese Communist Party, which has led to the rapid development of w88 sports betting "Chinese Communist Party studies".

一、Western scholars believe that the CCP’s ideology is very distinct and completely different from Western political parties

Since the formation of w88 sports betting "Chinese Communist Studies", it has had a very large academic impact and social impact. Of course, at first, "Chinese Communist Studies" was included in "China Studies". American scholar Fairbank Fairbank (John King Fairbank)YesAmerica’s most prestigious“ChinaStudy” majorHome, "The Number One China Handler", famous for his research on China and the Chinese Communist Party. One of the main purposes of Fairbank and others' research on the CCP is to provide consulting services for the U.S. government's China policy decisions. In the 1940s, he published many papers suggesting that the U.S. government change its policy of "aiding Chiang and opposing the Communists." After the defeat of McCarthyism, Fairbank and others continued to write letters to the U.S. government and high-level officials, suggesting that the U.S. government gradually improve its relations with the CCP and even recognize the New China. The research by Fairbank and others has played an important role in the United States’ correct understanding of New China and the CCP.

Yifei Zhengqing,Benjamin•Schwartz（Benjamin I. Schwartz）13609_13742•Wittef(Karl August Wittfogel）、David•apter(David Ernest Apter) and others have also conducted relatively in-depth research on "Maoism". Morris Meissner(Maurice Meisner) has conducted in-depth research on the origin of Chinese Marxism and published works such as "Li Dazhao and the Origin of Chinese Marxism" (1967). Tony Sage（Anthony Saich）focuses on the study of the ideological history of the Chinese Communist Party and published important monographs such as "Mao Zedong's Revolutionary Discourse in China" (1994).

Western scholars believe that the CCP is generally a political party with Marxism as its mainstream ideology. Its ideological color is very distinctive and is completely different from Western political parties. Russian scholars Feoktistov, Titarenko and others believe that since the reform and opening up, the central topic of the CCP’s theoretical work is to apply the universal principles of Marxism to China’s specific environment, and the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics proposed by the CCP since then was formed through the exploration of this issue. Of course, some scholars have also realized that since the reform and opening up, the CCP has undergone some ideological changes. For example, Akira Fujino, a Japanese expert on China issues, w88 sports betting that compared with the party constitution of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the traditional proposition that "socialism will inevitably replace capitalism" has been deleted from the formulation, which means that the CCP has given up on the idea of ​​opposition between socialism and capitalism.

Western scholars also realize that the CCP attaches great importance to ideological propaganda and innovation. New Zealand ScholarAnLin-Mary Brady（Anne-Marie Brady) w88 sports betting that the CCP has successfully strengthened its own legitimacy and enhanced its ability to govern by skillfully using communication tools and propaganda techniques. She w88 sports betting that the CCP’s propaganda and ideological work are not weakening and declining as many scholars have said. In the economic and social transformation, the CCP’s propaganda work is still the lifeline of the system; its propaganda methods and ideological work have absorbed many new methods and means, and are good at using the Internet and information technology, thereby creating a powerful and modern propaganda system, providing a stabilizing factor for the CCP’s legitimacy.Fokker Hardy（Falk Hartig) w88 sports betting that the Chinese Communist Party has shown surprising adaptability and that the party’s leadership can restructure the national ideology in a pragmatic spiritNewly shaped to adapt to ever-changing new problems and situations.

二、Many Western scholars use the "authoritarian" theory to explain the CCP leadership system

w88 sports betting research on the Chinese Communist Party’s leadership system mainly involves issues such as the characteristics and reforms of China’s political system, the impact of China’s economic changes on the CCP, and the CCP’s social governance capabilities.

British scholar Zeng Ruisheng (Steve Tsang) uses the concept of “deliberative Leninism” to describe China’s current political system and w88 sports betting that in the face of huge social and political challenges, the CCP has made its essentially Leninist political mechanism more flexible by combining elements of “reality”. He w88 sports betting that "realistic" Leninism has five characteristics: an urgent focus on maintaining power; continuous proactive reforms to meet the demands of public democratization; continuous efforts to strengthen the party's ability to guide, respond to, and directly transform public opinion; pragmatism in economic and financial management; and the promotion of nationalism instead of communism.

American scholar Zou Chen(Tang Tsou)Use "totalism" to summarize the relationship between Chinese politics and society. He w88 sports betting that "totalitarianism" only refers to the guiding ideology that the power of political institutions can invade and control every stratum and field of society at any time without restriction. "Totalitarian politics" refers to the political society based on this guiding ideology. The common origin of China's social revolution and totalitarian politics is the comprehensive crisis faced in the early 20th century. Social revolution is a plan to overcome the comprehensive crisis, and totalitarian politics is a countermeasure to deal with the comprehensive crisis. And to engage in social revolution, totalitarian politics must be used as a means.

Later, many scholars used the "authoritarian" theory to explain the CCP leadership system. Katniss·Leibsile(Kenneth Lieberhal)with Michael·Oxenberg(Michel Oksenberg)Proposed“Divided authoritarianism”Opinion; Edwin·A.Winkler(Edwin A. Winckler)Proposed“Soft authoritarianism”'s point of view. Japanese scholars Tatsumi Okabe and Kazuko Mouri compared the Mao Zedong era with the Deng Xiaoping era and believed that the Deng Xiaoping era was a process towards new authoritarianism. American scholar Guo Sujian proposed that China since the post-Mao era has been moving towards authoritarian rule. Later, Michael·Oxenberg published "China's Political System:2125938_25965

Many scholars believe that the Communist Party of China has gradually transformed its governance methods by strengthening the construction of democracy and the rule of law and reforming government institutions. German scholar Thomas•Hebele(Thomas Heberer)w88 sports betting that the Chinese Communist Party has developed from a class party to a people's party; ideologically, the government's goal is no longer unreachable“Communism”, but one that is not too far away“Harmonious Society”。

Zheng Yongnian explained the leadership system of the Communist Party of China from the perspective of Chinese political culture. He“Placing the Chinese Communist Party in the context of Chinese culture and trying to answer the question of what the Chinese Communist Party is”. Zheng Yongnian w88 sports betting that the Chinese Communist Party is an organized imperial power and represents the rebirth of China’s traditional imperial political culture in modern times. He borrowed Gramsci's“Cultural hegemony”theory and the sociological theory of Foucault and others, and then proposed that the similarity between the Chinese Communist Party and the traditional imperial power lies in its continued dominance over the country and society. Zheng Yongnian has always been very concerned about the changes in the leadership system of the Chinese Communist Party and has conducted long-term and sustained research.

三、Most foreign scholars are optimistic about the CCP’s governance capabilities and prospects

Shen Dawei(David Shambaugh)w88 sports betting that the CCP has been in the dual process of contraction and adjustment during the reform process. For the CCP, it is both passive and proactive to shrink and adjust its governing policies through reforms. It is through this kind of reform that the CCP can continue to be in power and even strengthen its ruling position. He w88 sports betting that the most important thing for the CCP is to maintain adaptability and flexibility, and the continued implementation of reforms will further consolidate its ruling position.

American scholar Pei Yili（Elizabeth J. Perry）w88 sports betting that the Chinese Communist Party has demonstrated amazing management and control capabilities when dealing with sudden public crises, thereby being able to skillfully resolve various social problems and turn them into power regeneration resources. The 60-year history of New China shows that the health of China's national system depends to a large extent on the innovation and adaptability of the Communist Party, which is closely related to whether it holds a pragmatic attitude.

American scholar Alexei•Shevchenko(Alexei Shevchenko)w88 sports betting that the CCP has made great decisions for the market“Creative orientation”'s adaptation logic. Swedish scholar Jin Shanai(Maria Edin)Think:“The Chinese Communist Party is using market forces to reinvent itself and has proven itself to be more innovative than people give it credit for.”American scholar Bruce•Dixon(Bruce Dickson)w88 sports betting that the Chinese Communist Party has become better than before“More adaptable and resilient”, carried out various reforms to strengthen its authority, such as transforming and improving the quality and structure of cadres and party members, and developing“Advanced productivity”members join the party, pay attention to the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, and implement competitive elections.

Foreign scholars have conducted extensive research on the Chinese Communist Party’s governance prospects and made various predictions. Some are optimistic about the Chinese Communist Party’s long-term governance, while others are not optimistic. Some scholars believe that China's political system is gradually evolving into a hybrid system that combines elements such as East Asian neo-authoritarianism, European social democracy, and Latin American socialism with the Leninist political system with Chinese traditional cultural characteristics, thus acquiring new vitality. If the CCP can better cope with various challenges through reforms, its ruling position will still be very stable.

Original link:http://politics.rmlt.com.cn/2015/1019/405371.shtml