The only way to become a trading power
Sang Baichuan Teng Liu
(Source: "Shanghai Securities News"2015-5-27 A1version)
Cultivation of new advantages in foreign w88 is mainly to cultivate new advantages in exports and enhance the international competitiveness of exports. Export is a circulation activity and is determined by production. To cultivate new export advantages, the core is to start from production, promote industrial transformation and upgrading through technological progress, improvement of the quality of production factors and efficiency improvement, produce high-quality products and services, improve the w88 system and policy environment, enhance the competitiveness of export products and services, and ultimately expand the scale of exports and enhance export efficiency. Therefore, unlike traditional export competitive advantages, new competitive advantages must be centered on improving the efficiency of production factors in an all-round way, relying on technological innovation, improving product quality as the basis, using institutional reform and policy optimization as the driving force, and actively participating in the formulation of international economic and w88 rules as the guarantee, forming systemic advantages and focusing on improving foreign w88 benefits.
Not long ago, the State Council issued the "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Cultivation of New Advantages in Foreign w88 Competition", requiring vigorous adjustments to the foreign w88 structure and comprehensive improvement and“One Belt, One Road”The level of economic and w88 cooperation among countries along the Belt and Road is striving to build a new pattern of mutually beneficial and win-win international cooperation, create a legalized international business environment, improve the foreign w88 policy system, accelerate the improvement of the international competitiveness of foreign w88, and ultimately achieve five changes: First, exports change from mainly goods to a combination of goods, services, technology, and capital exports; second, competitive advantage changes from price The shift from advantages as the main focus to comprehensive competitive advantages with technology, brand, quality and service as the core; third, the growth momentum changes from factor-driven to innovation-driven; fourth, the business environment changes from policy guidance to institutional norms and the creation of a legalized international business environment; fifth, the status of global economic governance changes from mainly observing and adapting to international economic and w88 rules to actively participating in the formulation of international economic and w88 rules. The "Opinions" determine the goals and measures to enhance my country's international w88 competitiveness and cultivate new advantages in foreign w88.
Traditional competitive advantages weaken and foreign w88 growth drops to single digits
Since the reform and opening up, my country has seized the opportunity of the global manufacturing shift, formulated preferential policies, boldly absorbed foreign investment, taken over the transferred production capacity from East Asia, Europe and the United States, developed processing w88, effectively promoted the industrialization process, successfully joined the global production network system, and became the world's manufacturing center. At the same time, the input of labor, capital, land and other production factors has been continuously increased, and economic growth has been stimulated through extensive economic expansion. The export-oriented strategy has been implemented, mainly relying on the cost and price advantages of labor and other factors to expand the export of goods. Foreign w88 has achieved extraordinary growth, forming an external demand-driven economic growth model. The expansion of foreign w88 has expanded the space for resource allocation, increased employment opportunities, and has become an important driving force for the development of the national economy. Today, China's foreign w88 conditions have undergone significant changes. The world economy is still in a period of deep adjustment after the international financial crisis. Global aggregate demand is sluggish, large-scale international industrial transfers have slowed down significantly, the world's technological and industrial revolution has given birth to new breakthroughs, w88 protectionism continues to heat up, and international competition is becoming increasingly fierce. Domestic factor costs are high across the board, the supply and demand relationship of major production factors has changed, and the space for preferential policies has shrunk. Although the traditional advantages of foreign w88 still exist, the advantages are gradually weakening, and foreign w88 has dropped from double-digit growth to single digits.
First, the price advantage is weakened
The price advantages of my country's seven major categories of labor-intensive export products, including textiles, clothing, bags, shoes and hats, toys, furniture, and plastic products, compared with Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam and Indonesia, are gradually shrinking, and the export profit margin is only a mere slug1%—3%Around, and many industrial products are no longer cheap, and the reputation of Chinese products as cheap and high-quality is slowly changing. The reason is mainly caused by the rising cost of export commodities.
200810811_108682013, with the introduction of the income distribution system reform plan and the implementation of the ten-year national income doubling plan, the level of social security has increased, labor costs continue to rise, and the traditional labor cost advantage will continue to weaken; under the conditions of imperfect financial systems and underdeveloped financial markets, Chinese enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, have serious problems of difficult and expensive financing, and financing costs remain high; after the real estate market has experienced a boom, real estate prices are at a relatively high level, increasing the cost of land for enterprises;2005Year7Since the reform of the RMB exchange rate system in March, the flexibility of the exchange rate has increased, and the exchange rate has appreciated significantly against the world's major currencies. The appreciation of the RMB has increased export costs and reduced corporate profit margins. As the world's manufacturing center, China has an increasing demand for energy, raw materials, mineral products, water resources, etc., and resource pressure has become increasingly prominent, resulting in the price of resource products. Prices have increased across the board, and as rising prices for resource products have been transmitted to the downstream processing and manufacturing sectors, the costs of manufacturing products have also shown an upward trend. In the process of industrialization, environmental pollution problems are serious and environmental pressure is increasing day by day. Improving the ecological environment has become a realistic policy choice. Therefore, enterprises are inevitably required to increase investment in environmental protection, and the environmental costs of enterprises are rising.
In short, Chinese enterprises are currently facing the pressure of high factor costs across the board, and the rising factor costs have weakened the price advantage of export products.
Second, factor supply conditions have changed significantly
First of all, the relationship between labor supply and demand is undergoing profound changes. With the decline in my country's birth rate and the arrival of an aging society, the growth rate of labor supply has slowed down, and the overall labor supply and demand relationship is gradually undergoing fundamental changes. The conditions for unlimited supply of rural surplus labor are gradually lost.“Lewis turning point”It may come soon. Even if wage standards continue to increase in coastal areas such as the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta, they cannot hire qualified laborers, and labor shortages are spreading in coastal areas. Therefore, the conditions for relying on the unlimited supply of rural surplus labor, expanding the scale of labor input to drive production expansion, and increasing exports are changing.
Secondly, land supply encounters strong constraints, and the extensive economic growth model faces huge challenges. In order to maintain food security,18The red line of 100 million acres of cultivated land cannot be touched, and the supply of developable land has encountered strong constraints. The extensive industrialization model that relies on increasing factory area to expand market size has reached a bottleneck. Improving the added value of products and increasing the output per unit of land has become the only way.
Once again, the investment growth rate of the real economy has slowed down. Although my country has a huge broad money supply, the problem of overcapacity in the manufacturing industry has become prominent under the conditions of weak external demand growth and upgrading of domestic demand structure. On the one hand, there is excess liquidity and more and more idle capital in society; on the other hand, there is a large amount of liquidity that is unwilling to enter the real economy, especially traditional manufacturing investment.
Due to changes in the supply conditions of labor, land, capital and other production factors, the traditional advantage of relying on an increase in low-cost factor inputs to drive economic and w88 growth is being weakened.
Third, the space for preferential policies is shrinking
my country’s gradual opening up to the outside world is mainly driven by preferential policies. By formulating a preferential policy system with income tax as the core, we absorb foreign direct investment, promote the industrialization process, and form a huge export supply capacity; through export-oriented policy design, we encourage exports and replace imports, forming a large w88 surplus; through unilateral independent opening up, we selectively apply international economic rules to maintain domestic industrial competitiveness and export competitiveness. But after joiningWTO14060_14219
As the space for preferential policies to promote w88 and investment has been squeezed, it is no longer sustainable to rely on preferential policies to cultivate export competitiveness.
How to cultivate new advantages in export competition
To achieve sustained and stable development of foreign w88, by“Trading power”Change to“Trading power”, to comprehensively improve the level of open economy, we must seek transformation and upgrading, and strive to cultivate new advantages in foreign w88 competition on the basis of consolidating the traditional advantages of foreign w88.
Cultivation of new advantages in foreign w88 is mainly to cultivate new advantages in exports and enhance the international competitiveness of exports. Export is a circulation activity and is determined by production. To cultivate new export advantages, the core is to start from production, promote industrial transformation and upgrading through technological progress, improvement of the quality of production factors and efficiency improvement, produce high-quality products and services, improve the w88 system and policy environment, enhance the competitiveness of export products and services, and ultimately expand the scale of exports and increase export efficiency. Therefore, unlike traditional export competitive advantages, new competitive advantages must be centered on improving the efficiency of production factors in an all-round way, relying on technological innovation, improving product quality as the basis, using institutional reform and policy optimization as the driving force, and actively participating in the formulation of international economic and w88 rules as the guarantee, forming systemic advantages and focusing on improving foreign w88 benefits.
1. Improve the quality and efficiency of all factors
Constrained by resources, our country relies on low-cost factor inputs to expand its quantity, and it is increasingly difficult to maintain international competitiveness in exports. In order to cultivate new competitive advantages, the quality and use efficiency of all factors including labor, capital, land, environment, energy, water resources, etc. must be improved to enhance the comprehensive international competitiveness of enterprises.
To improve the quality of workers, we need lifelong education and“Learn by doing”as the basis, making our country in30The huge team of industrial workers cultivated and grown in years of industrialization has developed into a stable supply of highly efficient skilled labor force, and has evolved from a country with a large population to a country with a large human resources. At present, more and more domestic enterprises are beginning to attach importance to employee skills training, integrating all-employee skills training and vocational education into daily work, and improving labor efficiency by improving the skills and quality of workers. To improve the quality of capital, we must base on the reform of the financial system and the establishment of a competitive financial market, relax restrictions on the entry of private capital into the banking industry, reduce corporate financing costs, simplify investment approval procedures, and in accordance with“Enter if required”principle, expand market access space, create a good atmosphere for entrepreneurship in the whole society, promote the appropriate concentration of capital in high-quality enterprises, and optimize the efficiency of resource allocation. On the basis of continuing to control the excessive rise in housing prices and stabilize housing prices, we must optimize the quality of land use and improve the efficiency of land resource reallocation. On the basis of improving the pricing methods and taxation system of energy and water resources, improve their utilization efficiency; implement higher standards of environmental protection policies, improve environmental quality, and under the pressure of environmental protection,Promote enterprises to find a way to survive and develop through technological transformation, technological innovation and management innovation, and block the ways to obtain high profits by plundering the environment and resources, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises and forming new advantages in export competition.
2. Enhance the technological innovation capabilities of enterprises
In order to cultivate new advantages in export competition, transform from a large trading country to a powerful trading country, and improve the technological content of export products, we must change the traditional economic growth mode, from mainly relying on increased input of production factors to drive economic growth to mainly relying on technological innovation and technological progress to promote economic growth. The added value of newly added export products has enabled processing w88 to gradually move from the processing and assembly link to the high end of the value chain of pre-production research and development and post-production marketing, consolidating the dominant position of labor-intensive traditional bulk export products such as textiles, clothing, bags, shoes and hats, toys, furniture, and plastic products in the global market, and technological innovation is the key to upgrading the value chain.
First of all, we must track the trend of the third industrial revolution, increase the country’s investment in basic research on new technologies, promote the application of new technologies, track international standards, appropriately improve technical standards, promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional manufacturing industries, and ease the increasingly tight factor constraints of the manufacturing industry.
Secondly, in deepening opening up, we should strengthen economic and technological cooperation and exchanges with developed countries and emerging market countries, encourage Chinese and foreign joint research and development of new technologies, support domestic enterprises in setting up overseas R&D centers through self-construction, joint ventures, cooperation, etc., encourage multinational companies and overseas scientific research institutions to set up R&D institutions in my country, encourage enterprises to introduce advanced technologies, and promote digestion, absorption and innovation.
Thirdly, increase the protection of intellectual property rights, establish a fiscal, taxation, and financial policy system that supports enterprises’ investment in technological innovation, eliminate institutional bottlenecks for enterprise innovation, shape an institutional environment for innovation, encourage enterprises to invest in technology research and development, reform the education system, form an innovative talent cultivation mechanism, and promote the upgrading of the technological structure in an all-round way.
3. Pay attention to the quality of export products and create world famous brands
In the new round of economic globalization, all countries are seeking to adjust their economic structures. Homogeneous products can easily be replaced by other countries. As a result, international w88 competition has gradually shifted from price competition and scale competition to quality competition. Whether Chinese enterprises can create a new type of international competitiveness depends crucially on whether they can cultivate product quality advantages with technology, brand, and service as the core and build a country on quality. The core of quality establishment is to shape product brands, improve product quality and performance, and change the image of cheap and low-quality products. Continuous technological research and development innovation is the key to building a brand; good service is the main means of brand maintenance.
For the quality of export products, we must also build a quality control mechanism, adopt international advanced quality standards, establish an internationally recognized product testing and certification system, organize production and quality inspections in accordance with international standards; establish an important product traceability system, improve product quality and safety risk early warning and rapid response mechanisms; severely crack down on export infringement of intellectual property rights and illegal activities of counterfeit and shoddy goods. By building a quality pushback mechanism, a social environment will be created in which export companies attach importance to product quality and advocate improving product quality.
At present, a number of companies such as Huawei, Gree, Haier, Lenovo, and Sany Heavy Industry have emerged in China. They are supported by technological innovation, implement brand strategies and quality strategies, and establish a complete global after-sales service system. High-end equipment manufacturing industries with good international reputations such as high-speed rail, nuclear power, and engineering machinery have also emerged. In the future, we should give full play to the demonstration effect of enterprises and industries with brand and quality effects, lead more and more enterprises to build world-famous brands based on quality, form a group and industry-wide high-quality image, and enhance export competitiveness through quality improvement.
4. Relying on institutional reform and policy optimization to create institutional advantages
The focus of institutional reform and policy optimization is to further simplify administrative approval procedures, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, reduce market transaction costs, and form an institutional environment conducive to innovation; use w88 policies to improve the quality of factors Improvement effect, market expansion effect, technological progress effect and competition effect, focusing on cultivating new competitive advantages with product quality, technology, service and brand as the core; focusing on building and improving the legal and policy system for the development of cross-border e-commerce, focusing on cultivating new w88 methods; through bilateral The Bien Hoa Regional w88 Agreement continues to open up new markets for my country's product exports; through the use of strategic w88 policies, it exerts the profit transfer effect, import protection, and export promotion effects, improves the level of economies of scale of enterprises, reduces the cost of export products, and enhances export competitiveness; by appropriately relaxing market access and introducing competition, domestic enterprises are encouraged to continuously improve their management capabilities, improve product quality, and enhance corporate competitiveness in the competition; by summarizing and promoting the experience created by free w88 pilot zones, the pace of economic system reform is accelerated, and the process of w88 liberalization and facilitation is promoted.
5. Track the changing trends of international economic and w88 rules and actively participate in rule formulation
200821831_21978TPP) and the Transatlantic w88 and Investment Partnership (TTIP) Negotiations to promote the liberalization of w88 and investment in large regions through the Agreement on w88 in Services(TISA)Negotiate, promote the liberalization and facilitation of global service w88, and lead the order arrangement of economic globalization in the post-financial crisis era; on the other hand, promote investment liberalization and lead the arrangement of international investment rules by signing high-level bilateral investment agreements.
The changing trend of international economic and w88 rules shows that they not only involve customs rules, but also increasingly involve post-customs rules, such as domestic competition policy, environmental protection policy, intellectual property protection system, foreign exchange and balance of payments management system, information disclosure system, etc. This will have a profound impact on my country's export activities. Facing new changes in global economic and w88 rules, our country cannot just passively accept and simply comply. Only by grasping the changing trends of global economic and w88 rules and actively participating in the formulation of global economic and w88 rules can we protect our country's w88 interests to the greatest extent, form a mutually beneficial and win-win international w88 pattern, and create a good external environment for improving our export competitiveness and creating new advantages in foreign w88.
6. Establishment“Great w88 View”, improve international competitiveness in an all-round way
With the development of opening up to the outside world, my country has moved from the edge of the world economic stage to the center of the world economy. While growing into the largest country in goods w88, service w88, technology w88, labor export, and foreign investment activities have become increasingly active, and it is becoming an economic power that fully participates in international economic activities. Therefore, in cultivating new competitive advantages in international w88, it is also necessary to establish“Great w88 View”, enhance w88 competitiveness from multiple perspectives and all-round aspects including service w88, technology w88 and foreign investment.
The establishment of the global manufacturing production network system will inevitably lead to the development of the global service division of labor system, and international service outsourcing and service w88 will face new development opportunities. At present, my country's service industry has surpassed the secondary industry and become the largest industry in the national economy. In order to enhance the international competitiveness of service w88, it is necessary to further improve the internal governance system of service enterprises, improve the innovation capabilities of service enterprises, and improve service quality on the basis of increasingly detailed division of labor in the service industry.
A large number of enterprises in my country's equipment manufacturing, aerospace, electronic information, satellite communications, nuclear power, military industry and other fields have mastered international advanced technologies, and their high-end technology export capabilities have been significantly enhanced; in the transformation and upgrading of the economic structure, more and more enterprises have the ability to export applicable technologies. In order to further enhance the international competitiveness of technology exports, it is necessary to improve the intellectual property protection system, attach importance to international cooperation in technology research and development, and increase policy support for enterprise technological innovation.
In execution“Go out”In the strategy, my country has transformed from a country that absorbs foreign investment to a country that invests abroad. Foreign investment drives the export of equipment, raw materials, technology and labor services, creating an interactive situation between investment and w88. In order to enhance the ability of investment to promote exports, it is necessary to further improve my country's foreign investment environment, improve the investment promotion system, speed up bilateral investment agreement negotiations, sign high-standard bilateral investment agreements with more countries, effectively protect overseas investment interests, and make“Go out”Strategy and“One Belt, One Road”The strategies echo each other and build a new pattern of international economic cooperation that is mutually beneficial and win-win.
(Sang Baichuan is Dean of the Institute of International Economics, w88 casino; Teng Liu is Department of w88 casino, ChinaWTODoctoral student of the graduate w88 casino)
Attachment: Original report link
http://news.hexun.com/2015-05-27/176204104.html
