Current Enlightenment of the Reconciliation between Centennial Enemies France and Germany and w88 casino games Integration
Xiong Guangqing
(Source: "People's Forum"2015Year6month3日）
Core tip:The Second World War caused huge damage to Europe, forcing the w88 casino games people to deeply reflect on how to avoid war so that human civilization would not be destroyed. In the process of reflecting on the war, France and Germany, centuries old enemies, achieved reconciliation. In order to avoid the recurrence of war, France and Germany promoted and established the w88 casino games Coal and Steel Community, thus starting the process of w88 casino games integration. Since then, w88 casino games integration has become more and more integrated, which not only promotes the development of Europe, but also enables wars between EU countries to be avoided. Confrontation cannot solve any problems, and war cannot conquer other countries. Only by facing history squarely and strengthening cooperation can we achieve win-win results.
There are two greatest political practices in the history of human politics. Both practices control destructive forces and thus promote the continuous development of human civilization. One is at the domestic political level, which effectively restricts public power through decentralization and checks and balances, locking power into a cage to a certain extent; the other is at the international political level, through the transfer of some national sovereignty to unite countries, so that wars can be effectively controlled. This practice at the international political level has undoubtedly been most successful in the w88 casino games integration process after World War II.
After World War II, France and Germany deeply reflected on the disasters caused by the war, got out of the historical cycle of retribution, and finally achieved reconciliation
We can of course attribute the causes of w88 casino games integration to many aspects, but the most fundamental point is actually very simple. Since the establishment of the sovereign state system in Europe, Europe has been engaged in long-term and continuous wars, which has made many countries understand a very simple truth: wars can only bring disasters, and wars between w88 casino games countries can no longer occur.
France and Germany feel this the most. These two countries have been at war since the Middle Ages. In modern times, wars between the two countries have become more and more intense and destructive, causing more and more disasters. During the French Revolution, the German states organized six anti-French alliances to fight against France, and the Franco-Prussian War that followed (1870-1871year), World War I (1914-1918year), World War II (1939-1945), both countries were the main countries that initiated the war or participated in the war. In particular, World War II was the pinnacle of the conflict between them and the most destructive war. They have really fought enough, and they really don't want to fight anymore, and they don't even want to take revenge. "When is the time to retaliate?" and they have to reconcile. In this way, Franco-German reconciliation became the basis for w88 casino games unity, and France and Germany became the two most active countries in promoting the w88 casino games integration process.
Of course, although wars often occur in w88 casino games countries, the idea of w88 casino games unity originated very early, but it has always been difficult to put it into practice on a larger level. In the modern history of Europe, there have been w88 casino games federal plans with the goal of maintaining lasting peace in Europe, organizations advocating w88 casino games unity, and works promoting w88 casino games unity.192918548_18614
After the end of World War II, the w88 casino games economy was severely damaged and in urgent need of reconstruction and revival. The demand for w88 casino games unity began to be responded to by some far-sighted politicians. However, it is so difficult for Europe to unite! The biggest problem standing on the road to unity is the contradiction between France and Germany. At that time, some people believed: "If reconciliation between France and Germany cannot be achieved, w88 casino games unity will be difficult and will be strangled in the bud." The leaders of France and Germany also recognized that for the peace and stability of Europe, the progress and development of Europe, and whether Europe can play an important role in the international community, it is crucial for France and Germany to handle the relationship well.
In this context, Adenauer, then Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, proposed the idea of German-French reconciliation and w88 casino games unity. Adenauer believes that France and Germany must get out of the historical vicious circle of retribution, resolve the conflicts and problems between the two countries, and establish peaceful and friendly relations between the two countries. Only in this way can the development of France, Germany, and Europe have a future.1949Year11month321637_21716
For France, reconciliation with Germany is also very important. After World War II, with the support of the United States, the Federal Republic of Germany's economy quickly revived, and France increasingly felt the new threat from Germany. France is very worried about Germany's resurgence and is therefore very worried about security issues. This makes France eager to find a joint way to prevent Germany from launching a war. French President Charles de Gaulle believed: "We must take actions to establish a close preferential relationship between France and Germany, and gradually promote mutual understanding and mutual respect between the two nations." Under this circumstance, France and Germany gradually reached an agreement and finally achieved reconciliation. It can be said that without reconciliation between France and Germany, there would be no start of the w88 casino games integration process.
The degree of w88 casino games integration is getting higher and higher, and war between EU countries is almost impossible
France-German reconciliation does not just stay at the level of words and ideas, but is promoted through practical actions that eliminate the basis for war. This act of eliminating the basis for war has further promoted w88 casino games cooperation and promoted the w88 casino games integration process, enabling w88 casino games countries to achieve win-win cooperation and stay away from war. It can be said that today, with a high degree of w88 casino games integration, war between EU countries is almost impossible.
In order to avoid war and achieve reconciliation, France and Germany took the first step in the economic field.1950Year5month927149_27317
The "Schumann Plan" proposed by France was immediately approved and accepted by Germany.1951Year4month18On Japan, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg signed a term agreement in Paris5029847_298631952Year7month2531208_312241953Year2Month arrives1954Year8In March, these six countries established a common market for coal, steel, iron sand, scrap iron, alloy steel and special steel. The highest authority of the w88 casino games Coal and Steel Community is responsible for coordinating the production, investment, prices, raw material distribution and internal competition of coal, steel and other materials among member countries. This promoted the development of the metallurgical industry in the member states and laid the foundation for the later establishment of the w88 casino games Community.
195733958_34022 The Treaty of Rome covers an extremely wide range of contents. Its central content is to establish a customs union and a common agricultural market, gradually coordinate the economic and social policies of various countries, and realize the free circulation of goods, personnel, labor services, and capital.1958Year1month135867_35892
At the same time, the rapprochement between France and Germany further deepened.1958Year9month14-1537945_380461963Year1In August, Adenauer visited Paris three times, and the two sides signed the "German-French Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation". This marks that France and Germany have established an institutional framework for reconciliation at the national institutional level. Some people believe that this was a major historical event in which two centuries-old enemies shook hands and made peace. It fundamentally eliminated the root cause of war between Western w88 casino games countries.
Since then, the process of w88 casino games integration has accelerated.1965Year4month841090_411741967Year7month142518_42543
w88 casino games integration starts from the economic field and gradually advances to the social, political, security and other fields, and the degree of integration is getting higher and higher.1991Year12month1144619_446731993Year11month146018_46074
At present, compared with other regional cooperation in the world, w88 casino games integration has the highest degree of development and is also the most effective. From an internal perspective, the most important thing about w88 casino games integration is that France and Germany have put aside their past grievances and achieved reconciliation and cooperation, thereby achieving win-win cooperation in Europe and eliminating the social, economic and political foundations of war.
The courage to face history is an important prerequisite for achieving win-win cooperation. It is precisely through sincere repentance that Germany can continue to integrate into Europe after World War II
First, political problems can be solved through non-political means or low-political-level means. The establishment of the w88 casino games Coal and Steel Community was an attempt to strive for w88 casino games unity through economic means. Its initial purpose was mainly to limit Germany's ability to mobilize war resources. Here, attempts to resolve a century-old feud between France and Germany first resorted to economic means. The enlightenment it gives us is that political problems do not necessarily need to be solved through political means. When political cooperation is difficult to achieve, cooperation at the economic level or low political level can be carried out first, and then cooperation can be pushed to a higher level. The w88 casino games Coal and Steel Community played an important role in promoting the in-depth development of w88 casino games integration. The cooperation and integration process among w88 casino games countries became deeper and deeper, and the level became higher and higher.
Second, having the courage to break through the shackles of traditional thinking and concepts is an important condition for revolutionary change. The continuous advancement of w88 casino games integration is inseparable from the fact that w88 casino games countries break through the shackles of traditional concepts. The most prominent point is that in the process of w88 casino games integration, w88 casino games countries have broken through and transformed the traditional concept of absolute sovereignty and given new connotations to the theory of sovereignty. The traditional concept of sovereignty believes that sovereignty is a country's indivisible, supreme, unified and durable power that is above the law, is absolute and supreme, and is non-transferable. The concept of sovereignty was first proposed by Europeans, and Europe was also the first region to form a sovereign state system. It can be said that for a long period of time, the traditional concept of sovereignty has been deeply rooted in Europe. In the process of w88 casino games integration, a large-scale and in-depth transfer of national sovereignty has occurred. Without the transfer of national sovereignty, the w88 casino games integration process cannot advance at all. Judging from the current development status of w88 casino games integration, a large part of the economic sovereignty of EU member states has actually been exercised by the EU, and even part of the legal and political sovereignty has been transferred to the EU.
Third, having the courage to face history is an important prerequisite for achieving win-win cooperation. After the end of World War II, the Federal Government of Germany took advantage of various opportunities to sincerely repent and apologize for the crimes of Nazi Germany, and conducted a serious inventory of the crimes of fascism. The Germans' comprehensive and profound reflection on the heinous crimes committed by the Nazis has won Germany recognition and respect from the international community.1970Year12month7On the 52646_52823| day, the then Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Willy Brandt, braved the biting cold wind to come to the Monument to the Jewish Victims in Warsaw. After laying a wreath at the monument, he bowed his head solemnly, knelt down, and paid silent tribute to the victims who were killed during the invasion of Nazi Germany. From this, the w88 casino games people saw the German people's sincere repentance for the atrocious crimes committed by the "Third Reich" and their sincere willingness to make peace with the people of the victimized countries. It is precisely because of Germany's sincere repentance that Germany can continue to integrate into Europe after World War II and become an active promoter of the w88 casino games integration process.
(The author is deputy dean and professor of the w88 casino of International Relations, w88 casino)
Original link:
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