Xiong Guangqing: Overseas experience in government-business w88 mobile in governance
(Source: People’s Forum2015Year3month9日）
From a global perspective, the more developed the economy, the more complete the mechanism for preventing and controlling w88 mobile between government and businessmen, the more complete the mechanism for operating power and the mechanism for supervising and restricting power, and the less the phenomenon of w88 mobile between government and businessmen. On the other hand, the poorer the country or region, the less sound the rule of law, the less standardized the mechanism for operating power, the more common w88 mobile between government and businessmen, and the worse the environment for economic development. It can be said that only by regulating the use of power by officials, preventing businessmen from buying power with money, and establishing a healthy relationship between officials and businessmen can we effectively curb w88 mobile between officials and businessmen and prevent the occurrence of corruption.
Sound prevention mechanism and prevention and control measures
Currently, developed economies often have relatively sound systems and measures to prevent w88 mobile between officials and businessmen. Due to the establishment of a complete legal system to prevent corruption and a clean and efficient government system, the behavior of officials and businessmen is relatively standardized. They generally do not dare or are unwilling to touch the bottom line and step into the minefield.
France’s treatment of official-business w88 mobile focuses on prevention. France has established several effective systems to prevent corruption through legislation. The first is the "Law on Transparency of Funds for Political Life", which was enacted in198811173_112261993, its main content is to stipulate the transparency of activities in some industries and departments that are prone to collusion between government and business (such as real estate, public services, public markets, international w88, urban construction, etc.), and establish a specialized agency with the mission of preventing corruption“Corruption Prevention Center”. The third is legislation on funds for political party activities, which mainly include199012547_12563199513095_13177
In the United States, which has a relatively mature anti-corruption mechanism, preventing corruption and w88 mobile between officials and businessmen has always been an important part of it. The United States implements a federal system and establishes three levels of government: federal, state, and local governments. Each level of government has established an anti-corruption agency and a system of anti-corruption laws and regulations. U.S. power institutions at all levels are divided and supervised in multiple dimensions, and are constantly shuffled through regular elections, even“Legal investment”A politician may also risk losing the election. The value of corruption cases in the United States is generally not very high, and rarely exceeds tens of millions of dollars. However, they believe that these cases have a bad social impact and will lead to public distrust of the government and politicians. Therefore, the U.S. government departments will attach great importance to this and conduct serious investigation.
In addition, many countries have established a clear system for property declaration, registration and announcement of public servants. This system is called“Sunshine Method”, is a common practice in Western countries to prevent corruption. Some Western countries have also formulated probity standards and procedures for private institutions to encourage them to develop good business habits; they have also formulated accounting and auditing standards for the private sector to impose penalties for non-compliance, thus effectively preventing w88 mobile between government and business.
Strict legal system and punishment mechanism
Establishing and improving an anti-corruption legal system, so that corruption must be punished and corruption must be corrected, is the fundamental way and important guarantee to deal with w88 mobile between officials and businessmen, and is also an inevitable requirement for building a country ruled by law. Many foreign countries have a lot of experience in this area that we can learn from.
Singapore has established a very strict and comprehensive anti-corruption legal system. The main anti-corruption legislation in Singapore includes: the Singapore Penal Code, the Prevention of Corruption Act, the Confiscation of Proceeds of Corruption Act, the Civil Service Code and Discipline Ordinance, and the Civil Service Punishment Rules. The Prevention of Corruption Act is Singapore's basic legislation to prevent occupational crimes. Since its promulgation, it has been revised many times to adapt to the development and changes of the situation. The "Law on the Confiscation of Profit Gains from Corruption" is a procedural law that specifically punishes job-related crimes. It stipulates in detail the conditions, scope, procedures and specific implementation of the confiscation of benefits derived from corruption. The fundamental purpose of building a clean government in Singapore is to set up institutionally“Defense”, Any violation of the law will easily lead to complaints and severe penalties.
In order to effectively investigate and deal with corruption such as bribery, Singapore announced1952The Corruption Investigation Bureau was established. This agency is the highest authority in the country to combat and prevent corruption and bribery. It is an independent agency and is directly under the Prime Minister's Office. The director is directly appointed by the Prime Minister and is only responsible to the Prime Minister and is not subject to the command and jurisdiction of anyone else. The Corruption Investigation Bureau does not need to rely on the police or other powerful state departments when performing official duties. It can independently exercise the following special powers: First, the power of investigation. The Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau can exercise any of the powers conferred on police investigations by the Criminal Procedure Code without the permission of the prosecutor, and the investigators are considered to be police officers. The second is the power of secret investigation. The Corruption Investigation Bureau has the power to follow up or secretly investigate criminal suspects. The third is special search power. When carrying out major investigative tasks, the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau can search any place, any account, and any safe deposit box in any bank, and has the power to require anyone to reveal or hand over all required materials, documents or items. The fourth is the power of arrest. The Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau can arrest anyone suspected of corruption offenses without a warrant, including those who have reasonable suspicion of their conduct.
France also has a strict legal system in this regard. The French Penal Code has relevant provisions on embezzlement of public funds, abuse of power, insider trading, accepting bribes, illegal possession of finances, malfeasance, etc. The Labor Code in the Civil Code mainly provides provisions on punishing corruption and bribery in terms of agency or entrustment, opposition to unequal competition, etc. The "General Law on Civil Servants" provides very detailed provisions on corruption by public servants taking advantage of their positions, such as the crime of fraud by civil servants, the crime of embezzlement of public funds, the crime of engaging in commercial affairs incompatible with their duties, the crime of general bribery, the crime of abusing power and accepting bribes, etc.
Effective supervision system and checks and balances
There are four ways to supervise and check and balance power, namely: restricting power with power, restricting power with law, restricting power with morality, and restricting power with society. In foreign countries, especially in Western countries, a complete set of power supervision and restriction systems is often a comprehensive application of multiple restriction methods.
The United States is a typical country with separation of powers. In the United States, the executive agencies, judicial agencies, and legislative agencies of the federal government each have different powers and responsibilities to deal with w88 mobile between officials and businessmen. Some of these powers overlap and some complement each other, thus forming a relatively strict and complete system. It is worth mentioning that the United States attaches great importance to combating commercial bribery by multinational companies.197723339_23398201223930_24035
Germany also has very strict supervision over w88 mobile between officials and businessmen. German government departments generally have anti-corruption liaisons, and civil servants are explicitly prohibited from accepting benefits. Moreover, Germany has established an online inquiry system so that citizens can access the details of any purchase by federal agencies at any time. In some federal states, government departments will also record the list of businesses that failed to bid in the public procurement process, so as to subsequently check whether the winning company won the bid through improper means such as bribery. Germany is also one of the few EU countries to make public corruption-related criminal investigation data.
Australia has a special agency to monitor corruption and w88 mobile between officials and businessmen. Australia has established the Office of the Ombudsman or the Administrative Supervision Committee at the federal and state levels. The Ombudsman is directly responsible to Parliament and is not subject to interference by government agencies. Its main responsibility is to investigate complaints against relevant government departments and civil servants.
Many countries also attach great importance to the role of moral restraint or moral education in curing w88 mobile between officials and businessmen and corruption. Courts across Finland accept insufficient bribery cases every year10, and there are almost no major cases, which is closely related to Finland’s good moral and cultural tradition. Many countries attach great importance to moral constraints on power. There are three main approaches in these countries: first, constantly enriching and adjusting moral codes of conduct; second, carrying out various forms of moral education activities; and third, focusing on the moral demonstration role of leaders.
At the same time, some countries encourage citizens to report on w88 mobile between government and business, and have established a complete system to protect whistleblowers. Singapore has stipulated a system to protect whistleblowers during litigation to avoid leaking whistleblower information; it also stipulates a system to protect whistleblowers during the investigation stage and after litigation. The complete and specific legal system for protecting whistleblowers and the tainted witness system provide strong support for Singapore to combat commercial bribery.
The supervisory role of the news media can also play an important role in controlling w88 mobile between officials and businessmen. In the United States, many cases of government-business w88 mobile are often first disclosed by the news media, attracting the attention of relevant departments and then starting to investigate and deal with them. In the UK, the news media has a tradition of supervising and criticizing the government. Once an incident of w88 mobile between officials and businessmen is disclosed, there will be strong public pressure and the corrupt will be punished. The power of public opinion supervision in Germany is also very strong. Germany has nearly130Radio and TV stations,27Home News Agency,380In various newspapers, once w88 mobile between German officials and businessmen occurs, it will be easily exposed.
(The author is deputy dean and professor of the w88 casino of International Relations, w88 casino)
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