Premature" w88 casino has surpassed the economic and social development levels of these countries, making it difficult for societies still in the "pre-modern stage" to bear it.

8month14日, the political turmoil caused by the deposing of former Egyptian President Morsi by the military ended in a "hard landing". The military government's "clearance" operation resulted in the "Nile Massacre" in which hundreds of people died and thousands were injured. The ancient city of Cairo, known as the "Mother of Cities," became a "purgatory on earth" with corpses everywhere. The incident shows that Egypt's democratization process has been in vain for more than two years. The Egyptian people not only have no chance to enjoy the "dividends of w88 casino", but even social stability and personal safety have become a luxury.

Egypt’s “disaster for w88 casino” is not an isolated case. After the end of authoritarianism, many developing countries have followed the "textbook" political development path of the collapse of authoritarian regimes, failure of democratically elected governments, and military interference in politics. Political participation in transition countries has increased rapidly, but the level of social organization and political institutionalization is low, making political instability a "derivative" of democratization. Huntington, an American political scientist, calls the social form of countries in political transition a "Political" society. In this pan-politicized society, various social forces directly participate in politics, the most typical of which are military interference in politics and clericalism. Both situations exist in current Egyptian society. Islamic forces such as the Muslim Brotherhood use religion as a political mobilization tool and become the winners of elections. After coming to power, the Muslim Brotherhood relied on ideology to pursue an Islamization agenda, and was eventually ousted by the military. In other developing countries, there are many examples of military interference in politics.1960years later, happened in Türkiye4military coups, and it is common for democratically elected governments in African countries to be overthrown by military personnel.

The low level of national construction and lack of social homogeneity in developing countries are important causes of "democratic maladaptive disease". Many developing countries are actually "artificial countries" created out of thin air by colonialists. Their "premature" w88 casino has surpassed the economic and social development levels of these countries, making it difficult for societies still in the "pre-modern stage" to bear it. Ethnic, religious and other conflicts concealed by authoritarian rule have exploded in the process of democratization. For example, sectarian conflicts have turned Iraq's w88 casino into an "explosion w88 casino", and tribal conflicts have caused vendettas in Kenya's elections many times. The social divisions caused by democratization manifested themselves as contradictions between religion and secularity in Egypt, and in the antagonism between urban and rural areas in Thailand.

w88 casino is a systematic project, and elections are only w88 casino at the procedural level. The essence of w88 casino is not only "one person, one vote", but also a culture with the spirit of tolerance and compromise as its core. Egypt lacks a political culture, political power, and citizens that are "friendly" to w88 casino. Political forces of various factions sing the high-pitched tone of w88 casino, but act in the old routine of authoritarian politics. The political transformation lacks reconciliation and compromise, and it has become a zero-sum game of life and death. After Morsi came to power, he continued to expand his power. The military uses populist means to play the role of "savior" to "justify heaven". The military's political transition road map also has no place for the Muslim Brotherhood. From "Tahrir Square" to "Adavia Square", you will sing and I will take the stage during the protests. The "Square Revolution" has been tried and tested repeatedly, convincing the public that street politics is more effective than the ballot box. The low turnout in the election and the high participation rate in the demonstrations formed a sharp contrast.

Anyone with a discerning eye can see that the root cause of Egypt’s political upheaval is economic and people’s livelihood issues. For more than two years, economic development has given way to political struggle, bringing Egypt's economy to near collapse and becoming a source of social unrest. The most urgent goal of Egypt's current political transformation is to restore public security. Healing the rift, achieving reconciliation, and preventing Islamic forces from becoming radicalized through an inclusive political transition process will be the only way out for Egypt's political transformation.

Democratization requires a "preparatory period". During this stage, developing countries should focus on economic development and cultivate economic forces, social organizations and civil society that are conducive to w88 casino, which is crucial to the establishment and rooting of w88 casino. Regardless of the actual situation of the country and society, copying Western w88 casino without modification will often suffer from various serious "democratic maladaptive diseases" and even go the other way.

(The author is deputy dean and associate professor of the w88 casino of Foreign Languages, w88 casino)

Original link:

http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2013-08/20/nw.D110000renmrb_20130820_7-05.htm#

People's Daily Online:

http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2013/0820/c40531-22623958.html

Sina: People’s Daily article: Developing countries should be wary of democratic traps

http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2013-08-20/053527994050.shtml

China News Network: Party newspaper talks about the situation in Egypt: Developing countries should be wary of the "w88 casino trap"

http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2013/08-20/5180816.shtml

Global Network: Scholars comment on the situation in Egypt: Developing countries should be wary of the “w88 casino trap”

http://world.huanqiu.com/regions/2013-08/4261940.html