w88 online live casino Fan Lipo: How to solve the problem of cultivating top innovative talents
（Source:People's Daily Online Time:2012Year9month12日）
Ge You has a classic line in "A World Without Thieves":21What is the most expensive thing in the century? Talent. Although this statement is a bit funny, w88 online live casino reveals an indisputable fact. The key to the rise and fall of a country and the improvement of corporate competitiveness in the 21st century is talent. In terms of connotation, this talent can be divided into broad and narrow senses. In the broad sense, talents are those who have mastered professional theories and technologies. However, the concept of talent implicit in the "Jobs phenomenon" and "Qian Xuesen's question" is in the narrow sense, that is, people with innovative ideas are top innovative talents.
The cultivation of top innovative talents is the most difficult hurdle in China at the moment. Only when a certain pivot (which can be a theoretical system, practical ability or system, etc.) is completely destroyed can the emergence of such talents become inevitable. We still need a long process of hard work and waiting.
Trait formation
With the continuous improvement of social diversity, openness and inclusiveness have increasingly become the main themes of society, and the concept of traits has naturally been sought after. Such as the characteristics of politicians, the characteristics of business elites, the characteristics of academic masters, the characteristics of artists, etc. Do these top innovative talents in the industry have characteristics at the starting line? What “genes” make w88 online live casino special?
In fact, traits are never complicated. They are the differences in psychological characteristics between people. One trait corresponds to one psychological characteristic. The formation of stable psychological characteristics requires a long process. In addition to the inheritance and variation of biological genes, there is also the inheritance and variation of cultural genes. Therefore, we usually call traits a stable cultural-psychological structure.
From a biogenetic perspective, existing psychological research findings,1Age and adolescence are turning points for important changes in cognition, and therefore are also golden periods for trait discovery and development. According to child psychology, children under one year old usually think that if they like "Goldfish" biscuits, their parents must also like "Goldfish" biscuits. When he realized that his parents may not also like "Goldfish" cookies, a major turning point occurred in people's cognitive ability. Psychologists later called this "other mind" (Otherminds)", that is, the discovery of differences and the self-confirmation of individuality. During this period, the "milk" we provide should be personalized and tailor-made for the child to meet all the child's growth needs. Biological research has also confirmed this. No two mothers' milk composition is exactly the same. Genetic psychology believes that adolescence is the formation of self-awareness. The critical period also shows strong sensitivity, rebellious tendencies and alternative choices, so w88 online live casino is particularly necessary for others to intervene, help and encourage, including thinking training, communication skills, moral discernment and cognitive abilities in institutional and cultural situations. At the same time, this period is also relatively vulnerable to harm. Once harm occurs, w88 online live casino may become a shadow and affect the development of a lifetime's career.
From the perspective of cultural genes, if you live in the following cities for a long time, your characteristics will definitely be imprinted with profound and different cultural genes, because different cities have their own unique temperaments. Such as Jerusalem (religion), Singapore (nation-building), Hong Kong (materialism), Oxford (learning), Berlin (tolerance and intolerance), Paris (romance) and New York (ambition).
Through analysis, w88 online live casino is not difficult to find that as a group, the differences of top innovative talents are reflected in both biological genes and cultural genes, and may also include extraordinary growth experiences, etc., which may make their personalities highly heterogeneous. The analysis also shows that the discovery and cultivation of traits is a matter of infant education and primary education. After higher education, the main issues of discovery and cultivation are issues of incremental innovation and ability improvement. The function of professional teachers is to cultivate creativity rather than imagination. Therefore, enlightenment education and enlightenment teachers must become an important focus in the research field of cultivating top innovative talents. Kant in1784described in the year, "Enlightenment is when human beings escape from the immature state imposed on themselves. The immature state is the inability to use one's own reason without the guidance of others. When the reason is not the lack of reason, but the lack of courage and determination to use w88 online live casino without the guidance of others, then this immature state is imposed on oneself." According to Kant's understanding, enlightenment is needed to escape from the immature state.
Trait revealed
We make logical deductions from an ordinary professional person. (1) Professional people basically have a personalized tendency (w88 online live casino can also be said to be a perspective) in their cognition of objects, environments and situations. The theoretical expressions of individual tendency are: vision, that is, the direction in which they are willing to observe and listen; selective preference, that is, what they actually see and hear; cognitive preference, that is, what meaning they give to the phenomena or situations they hear and see.
Visible vision is the logical starting point, which determines subsequent choices and cognitive preferences. Based on this logic, the practical expression of top innovative talents should be:
Curiosity and sensitivity are stronger, and the vision is higher and broader. There is a strong correlation between curiosity and sensitivity and creativity, and curiosity is the eternal flame that guides people forward. Humanity's curiosity about the universe is the main driving force for the development of the aerospace industry, and w88 online live casino also promotes scientific and technological revolution and technological progress. Just as the parts of the "Apollo" lunar landing spacecraft were completed through the cooperation of multiple companies, no part is "original", but as a solution, w88 online live casino itself is the greatest creation in human history. Wolves are extremely curious animals. They are always interested in the surrounding environment, constantly experiencing w88 online live casino, and can always find food, avoid danger, and survive tenaciously.
（2) Choices and w88-offs are more personal. Top innovative talents have a flamboyant personality and pursue perfection. They do not care about moderation and rarely compromise. They are very strict with themselves and others. Generally speaking, compared with their parents, the new generation has stronger personalities, is more aware of their own choices, and is more willing to pay for their choices. This is a distinctive feature of modern pluralistic society and social progress.
（3) Cognition and interpretation are naturally characterized by "split self-awareness". This split self-awareness is a criticism of "existing existence" and morally shows both progressive and destructive tendencies. However, the greatest public benefit is to drive the generation and spread of new spirit.
In short, top innovative talents need to discover, and there is a certain amount of chance. If the discovery mechanism can be established and improved, discovery will become inevitable. Of course, discovery and cultivation are contradictory and often difficult to coordinate. After top talents are discovered, special training is required.
Principle Exploration
There are rules for cultivating top innovative talents. This rule must not be utilitarian-oriented, let alone a simple input-output analysis, so w88 online live casino is also risky. From the perspective of a rational investor, when choosing between investing in the training of engineers or the training of musicians, which one do you prefer? Definitely the former. The former is certain, measurable, and can be operated on a large scale; the latter is personalized and difficult to measure.
First of all, from the perspective of top talents themselves, learning and engaging in innovative work must not be too utilitarian, because they must endure loneliness, have the spirit of "going against the flow", be able to sit on the "cold bench", and dare to bite the "hard bones". Therefore, w88 online live casino is often those who are sincerely interested in learning that will engage in learning and continue to do so. Cultivating top-notch innovative talents requires a spirit of publicity and tolerance, and must be utilitarian. You cannot trust only when you are sure you will not be deceived, and only invest when you know you will get something in return.
Second, get guidance from a mentor or an expert. A person's innovative ability is highly hidden information. w88 online live casino is something in the ivory tower. w88 online live casino is only recognized by a small circle. Outside this circle, understanding people are rare. Real scholars become famous in the sea of learning and hide their names in the sea of learning, just like the stars in the night sky. Only experts know their energy and enthusiasm. From a neutral point of view, this has nothing to do with "exclusion, fear of talent, and rejection of talent." The evaluation of innovation capabilities naturally has the attribute of "difficult to manage." In this situation, guidance from a mentor or an expert is most critical. Saranac Lake, New York, USAE.L.Dr. Trudeau(E. L. Trudeau)'s epitaph defines medical ethics as: "Sometimes to cure, often to relieve pain, always to comfort." Apparently this is the standard of a good doctor. Medical skills are only one aspect of a good doctor. A good doctor must also be able to relieve pain and soothe the spirit, and be the spiritual support of patients. In fact, this standard should become the code of conduct in the process of cultivating top innovative talents. "Cure" is scientific rationality, while pain relief and comfort are humanistic care.
Third, when choosing a training model, should w88 online live casino be an agricultural production model or an industrial production model? Farmers growing grain are based on the premise of respecting the laws of plant growth, and provide necessary intervention and assistance in different seasons and different stages of crop growth, such as fertilizing, watering, spraying pesticides, weeding, etc. The industrial production model has clear market goals and design drawings. After forging, casting, polishing, grinding, assembly and other procedures, w88 online live casino finally produces ideal and sellable products. The answer is clear. The growth pattern of top innovative talents is more complex and requires more farmer-style care and intervention.
Fourth, in terms of training system and content design, should it be exam-oriented education or quality education? Under China's current education system, primary and secondary education, university education, social practice, and career development are disconnected from each other. The main purpose and direction of education in primary and secondary schools is to adapt to the high w88 casino entrance examination and college entrance examination. University education is also mainly to cope with the examinations of various balanced courses in order to obtain enough credits for graduation, which is seriously out of touch with actual needs and social practice. Quality education and innovative education have been curbed, and innovative genes have been alienated. For example, if a primary w88 casino student wants to read extracurricular readings designated by teachers and parents because this will help improve his composition scores, will his interest still survive? Let’s take a look at some of our college entrance examination essay questions, “Look up at the stars and keep your feet on the ground” (2010Beijing), green life (2010Jiangsu), standing on tiptoes (2009Hunan), don’t say “no” easily (2008Guangdong), set off with emotion (2008Year Anhui) and so on, these questions are suspected of "deliberately leading to nobility", and the space for students to freely express themselves and their value judgments are conventional. In a sense, China's education system is a standardized system. A few people pose questions and master the standard answers. Teachers and students do riddles, guesses, and trial and error around this standard answer. What is cultivated is not the spirit of exploration, verification and falsification, but more like guessing and puzzles.
Special attention should be paid to “critical thinking skills” in the design of the training system and content(Critical Thinking)Training. A Harvard Business w88 casinoMBAThe student proposed setting up a for-profit express delivery service company in his assignment. He hoped that the professor could help him find a financing solution, but he only got one for this assignmentDPoints. The professor argued that there could not be a more efficient or cheaper postal service than the government-subsidized U.S. Postal Service. This student later successfully founded FedEx(FEX). In the Western university education system, critical thinking training has always been the focus of training goals and is worth learning from. For example, the highly rated new course "Critical and Analytical Thinking" in the curriculum reform of Stanford University's Business w88 casino(Critical and Analytical Thinking)，MITSloan w88 casino of Management course “Documentation, Ethics and Authority”(Literature，Ethics and Authority)etc.
Environmental Construction
Standardized talents generally have strong survival and adaptability capabilities and do not have too stringent requirements for the environment, but top-notch innovative talents are quite different. They are naturally full of personality, even a little paranoid. They may also be too harsh towards others and easily hurt. Their career development process is often fragile and dangerous, and they are fragile. Creating an environment for discovering, cultivating, and using talents is the best strategy. w88 online live casino requires efforts to establish a long-term mechanism based on foresight and strategy.
1, Encourage exploration and tolerate failure
20Century90In the early 1990s, Liu Chuanzhi was the first to introduce a system of dividend rights with an equity nature in order to retain a generation of young people with innovative abilities. As a result, w88 online live casino caused controversy within the Chinese Academy of Sciences system. His boss was very open-minded and acquiesced to this institutional innovation and gave him greater freedom to perform, making outstanding contributions to the healthy development of Lenovo Group and the development of a generation of Chinese entrepreneurs.
United States3MCompany(Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company)Known for its outstanding innovation capabilities, according to rough statistics, there are50%people are directly or indirectly exposed to its products - post-w88 online live casino notes, scouring pads, scotch tape, etc. every day108 31699_31736(1)15% commitment, that is, if an employee's idea cannot find a home in various departments of the company, then he can use w88 online live casino15% of working time to prove that his idea is tenable;(2)Tolerating innovation failure means encouraging researchers to conduct more experiments and take risks.
2、Evaluation is very important
The discovery, cultivation, use and evaluation of top innovators are four links in a process continuum. As the last link, evaluation is very important. Evaluation can take many forms, and can be simply distinguished into two categories: w88 online live casino can be measured by the absolute value or relative value of economic benefits, or w88 online live casino can be measured by professional and social recognition such as grade certification.
Economic evaluation. For example, if a PhD in biology develops a new drug, he can first apply for a patent, and then conduct clinical trials. If the trial is successful, he can use the patent protection1234111_342271991Elected as academician in the year, provided by the country every month200Multiple subsidies, and then the benefits gradually became better, and they were also linked to the administrative level. Everything must be reversed. These benefits are far from all. Nowadays, academicians are shaped into scientific authorities and public figures, which has a negative impact on scientific research and is extremely detrimental to the growth of young people. The problem of the academician selection system is not isolated. w88 online live casino is related to the fact that China is in a period of social transformation, the rules are not very clear, name is more important than reality, and people's mentality is relatively impetuous.
Professional and social evaluation, this is a significant symbol of the progress of modern society. In the Chinese context, many professional evaluations are more complex and have been deformed today. For example, there are many hidden rules in the application and review process of scientific research projects in China. People often have to speculate on the intentions of leaders and experts, rather than preparing and applying completely according to scientific laws. Smaller projects have more democracy, while larger projects are often less transparent. Scientific conscience and academic purity require social and collective rediscovery. Is w88 online live casino due to utilitarianism or moral deficiencies? Let us try to put forward some opinions for everyone to reflect and review.
First, Chinese society has been under the constraints of the feudal hierarchy for a long time,The ideas of official status and ranking of seats still exist in various fields,Including academic fields. Since academic power and administrative power are intertwined, the academic goal of a considerable number of intellectuals is to write their research results into government work reports or obtain necessary administrative power. This has led to various administrative interference in academics, "reverse elimination" phenomena and academic corruption, making the "difficult state of governance" in academic ability evaluation even worse. For example, Rao Yi and Shi Yigong, two great scientists,2011Was eliminated during the academician selection process.
Second, various selections and merit evaluations in China often require dynamic w88-offs between academic standards and moral standards, which is not pure enough. Of course, advanced people are chosen by people and cannot be absolutely pure. What is purity? If you are interested in art, the starting point should be appreciation and appreciation, not possession. For example, China's Golden Rooster Awards and Hundred Flowers Awards have been operating for so many years. Why do they have no international influence? The crux is that they are not pure and too utilitarian. China has formulated clear academic standards and normative procedures for selection and evaluation, and voting is also conducted in a secret form. This system is already relatively reasonable. When voting, the candidate's academic standards only need to meet the standards, and his moral standards, character and way of doing things are often the main considerations.
“When oranges grow in Huainan, they become oranges; when they grow in northern Huaibei, they become oranges.” This is a soft environment and an institutional issue. We place our hope in the next generation. As society gradually matures,Maybe w88 online live casino will be better in our next generation,They are smarter than us,Will come up with good ideas,After all, unreal things will never last.
System Innovation: Reform of the University Education System
China’s economy and social identity have become polarized, but the views in the field of education seem to be very consistent. That is, both conservatives and radicals believe that Chinese education and Chinese universities are in a situation where everything is inferior compared to the West.
Looking at w88 online live casino objectively,2010year, per capita in ChinaGDPInternational ranking is95places, and the international ranking of national education level is65position, which reflects the advanced development level of China’s education from one aspect. More strictly speaking, Chinese universities have exploratoryly cultivated a large number of scientific and technological and management talents in the past three decades, making the "China Story"(China becomes the world’s factory)w88 online live casino is an amazing thing to be able to write. Regarding the current situation of Chinese universities, w88 online live casino is easier for Chinese people to see negative aspects when looking at themselves; while outsiders(Or Westerners)Maybe see the positive and positive aspects of w88 online live casino. As the saying goes, "Sometimes we only care about moving forward on our own, and we need the help of other people's eyes to see how far we have gone." In fact, there are also micro and macro levels here. We ourselves are better at starting from the micro level and can easily find examples and cases that are almost absurd. However, micro absurdity cannot lead to macro absurdity and micro truth cannot lead to the simple conclusion of macro truth. w88 online live casino is often microscopically true and macroscopically absurd.
In terms of systems and mechanisms, there is a debate about the quality of education in China and the United States. The focus is that Chinese education always emphasizes normativeness(Discipline)And unity, while the United States prefers innovation(Innovation)And diversity. China needs to learn from the United States and learn from the innovative and diverse concepts and models in its education system, which will help discover, cultivate, use and evaluate top innovative talents.
The graduate training system needs reform
A drawback of China’s current graduate education is that w88 online live casino artificially separates master’s and doctoral education. As a result, the vast majority of students pursuing master’s degrees do not study for academic research, but to find a good job or to find a job easily. However, the existing master's education system focuses on academics rather than vocational training. As a result, the government and universities have invested a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, but students have no motivation to learn and teachers have no motivation to teach.
I suggest that the first step in reform is to strictly distinguish between professional master's degrees (such asMBA, Master of Translation, etc.) and Master of Science, and try to link the latter with doctoral education to achieve master's and doctoral studies as soon as possible. In other words, China should go "2or6" model, that is, two years for a professional master's degree and six years for a master's degree and a doctoral degree for six years. In this way, people who study for a master's degree in order to find a job will be diverted to professional master's degrees, while most people who apply for academic master's programs are interested in academics and intend to continue studying for a doctorate after graduation. At the same time, increase investment in master's and doctoral programs to establish a truly attractive scholarship system.
The second step of the reform is the enrollment reform. If combined master's and doctoral programs are implemented, the doctoral examination can be canceled and replaced by a graduate entrance examination or a similar foreign graduate application system.
The third step of reform involves the mentorship system. The existing doctoral tutor system is definitely with Chinese characteristics. The tutor-centered admissions and training system not only fosters academic corruption, but also limits academic innovation. Before the doctoral admissions exam every year, how many people are trying to find ways to establish "connections" with their supervisors? When studying, how many students dare to challenge the academic authority of their instructors? Although some domestic universities have abolished the doctoral tutoring system and stipulated that as long as they are associate professors, they can tutor PhD students. However, such schools that "dare to be the first in the world" are still very rare. Abolition of the doctoral supervisory system and replacing w88 online live casino with graduate admissions committees in each department, while establishing mechanisms such as team teaching, doctoral qualification examinations, and team thesis guidance will greatly reduce academic corruption, while broadening students' academic horizons and improving the quality of their papers.
The fourth step of the reform is to abolish the requirement that graduate students must publish papers during their studies. As far as the author knows, there are very few schools in developed countries that require graduate students to publish academic papers while in w88 casino. It is certainly better if you have the ability to publish articles, as this will increase your competitiveness in the job market. But once it becomes a hard and fast rule, it will lead to shoddy production in order to meet graduation requirements, and it will also lead to phenomena such as academic journals having to pay for space.
Scientific research evaluation mechanism needs innovation
The current scientific research management system has seriously hindered the development of innovative scientific research and led to various corruptions. Scientific research has become the place where corruption is most likely to breed in universities, besides logistics.
First of all, the existing quantitative management will only lead to fake research rather than innovative research. When reviewing professional titles in various domestic universities, how many papers must be completed per year (or in one review cycle) for each position, and how many papers must be published in specific journals (SCI,SSCI, CSSCIetc.) There are very detailed regulations on how many articles must be published. Of course, from a certain perspective, these rules make sense. Quantitative evaluation standards are easy to grasp and can help reduce corruption in professional title evaluation to a large extent. However, the biggest consequence of this is that many teachers cannot concentrate on their own research and have to publish articles and books through various means. So there are supplements to core journals, various “core” journals that charge money to publish articles, and various publishing grants.
Another requirement for professional title review is projects, and projects are divided into various levels, from the highest social science funds and national natural funds to various provincial and ministerial projects, and finally horizontal cooperation projects. If you do not apply for a project of a certain level, or if the project is not completed, then "the consequences will be very serious" during the professional title review. There is nothing wrong with improving scientific research through projects. With projects, you can have funds to purchase equipment, recruit doctoral students, or hire research assistants. However, the ultimate goal of the project is to produce results, either scientific and technological achievements or academic articles. If results can be achieved without a project, of course everyone will be happy. This is not a foolish dream, because many humanities and social sciences research does not require large investment, and the researchers themselves can fully bear the relevant costs. However, once w88 online live casino becomes a mandatory requirement, many people have to "run" projects through various channels all day long, including treating guests and giving gifts, etc. This is why funding agencies are embarrassed to reveal the final results of many projects, and why scientific research management has become one of the hardest hit areas for corruption in universities.
The reform of scientific research management, first of all, is to abolish the requirements for projects (especially humanities and social science majors), and to give priority to promotions under the same conditions. This not only encourages everyone to apply for projects, but also reduces all kinds of "scumbag" projects. The second step is to abolish the quantitative review model and replace it with a combination of blind review by external experts (even foreign experts) and internal expert panel review. Few universities in the United States implement "scientific management" in professional title evaluation like China does, but this does not cause the overall level of American professors to be low. Because in American colleges and universities, if academically mediocre people are promoted step by step, it will destroy the reputation of a department or w88 casino in the long run, resulting in fewer students, poor student quality, and low peer evaluation. This is one of the important reasons why tenure-track positions in American universities are so difficult to obtain.
The most taboo thing in academic circles is the "Great Leap Forward". Whether a person can be promoted does not depend on the number of his achievements, but on the quality and impact of his achievements. A person may write one book or a few articles in his lifetime, but this may be enough to establish his status as an academic leader. The total number of scientific research papers published by Chinese scholars is already the first in the world, but do we dare to say that our scientific and technological innovation is also the first in the world?
The reform of scientific research management also requires the abolition of some current regulations that restrict the development of faculty. For example, in many foreign language colleges and universities, teachers must publish articles in foreign language (including literature and linguistics) journals to count as scientific research achievements. Total number of foreign language teachers in general universities across the country122646People, and the sum of all journals in this field does not exceed100Species. Even if each journal publishes one year200articles (this number is definitely an overestimation), only one year2Ten thousand articles. If each teacher publishes one article a year, w88 online live casino will take five years to publish them all. Faced with this situation, we should relax the requirements and encourage teachers from foreign language colleges to publish articles in relevant professional journals. Foreign language teachers have a relatively in-depth understanding of the politics, culture, and history of many countries and regions, and some of them are encouraged to become experts in country studies and international issues. This not only alleviates the over-concentration of teachers, but also promotes the development of another subject.
(The author is a professor and doctoral supervisor at the w88 casino of International Business, w88 casino)
Attachment: Original report link:
http://edu.people.com.cn/n/2012/0912/c1053-18988913-1.html
