Editor’s note:"Study Times" sponsored by the Party w88 casino of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, headlines of today's party building editionPublished by w88 casinoDeputy Lian SiProfessor’s article "What is research in the scientific sense》. The full text is as follows:
What is research in the scientific sense
Author: Lian Si Source: "Study Times"2011Year12month5Day5edition headlines
Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out in his recent speech at the opening ceremony of the Central Party w88 casino that investigation and research is a basic skill for leadership work, and the ability to investigate and research is an integral part of the overall quality and ability of leading cadres. Party organizations and leading cadres at all levels must fully understand the importance of investigation and research, and always adhere to and continuously strengthen investigation and research. The spirit of Comrade Xi Jinping’s speech on investigation and research pointed out the attitude towards investigation and research and the correct methods that need to be learned and mastered, which has important guiding significance for investigation and research work. There are differences in research purposes, objects and even methods between the investigation and research of leading cadres and the investigation and research as a social science research method. However, they are both investigation and research, and they still have great similarities and common rules. Therefore, as a relatively mature research method, survey research using social research methods can provide a lot of reference and inspiration for the survey research of leading cadres.
However, what exactly is survey research? What are the characteristics of scientific research? Many people are not very clear about this issue. Especially when w88 mobile is necessary to conduct a survey and research by themselves, people often do w88 mobile boldly based on only some perceptual understanding of the survey and work enthusiasm in their minds. But to what extent do the results of these surveys reflect reality? Will w88 mobile distort facts and mislead decision-making? For example, in a population of thousands of people, only a dozen or even a few people are surveyed to draw conclusions about the population; or based on extremely special samples, conclusions are drawn about the general population; what's more, statistical results that appear to be different but actually have no difference are used as the basis for elaborating the relationship between variables; or some questions are asked to the respondents during the survey that are difficult to answer, or even completely impossible to answer, etc.
Unscientific investigation and research will interfere with people's understanding of the objective world. Therefore, having some basic but correct knowledge and understanding of the knowledge system of investigation and research is not only the prerequisite for doing investigation work, but also the need to form high-quality research reports.
Usually what we refer to as survey research refers to the process or activity of systematically and directly collecting quantitative data from a sample taken from the population by using questionnaires or structured interviews, and through statistical analysis of these data to understand social phenomena and their laws.
w88 mobile is generally believed that survey research has several outstanding characteristics: First, survey research is a systematic cognitive activity, which has a certain structure and procedure, rather than blind, messy, and passive knowledge like observation in daily life; secondly, survey research mainly uses two methods, questionnaires and interviews, to collect data. In other words, w88 mobile mainly relies on questioning the respondents to collect data. This is the tool or method used in survey research. This is an important feature that distinguishes w88 mobile from other social research methods; third, survey research requires obtaining information directly from specific individuals, that is, obtaining first-hand data directly from the respondents. This feature distinguishes w88 mobile from some indirect social research methods that use second-hand data; finally, survey research is a whole that includes both data collection and data analysis, which is the basis of w88 mobile as an independent social research method.
Based on the author’s years of investigation and research experience, let me talk about three points of experience.
First, design the plan scientifically and implement the steps carefully. The comprehensiveness and complexity of issues in my country's social development require that investigation and research must achieve overall design, scientific demonstration, and strict implementation. In the specific implementation process of the research, we should adhere to the overall―points―General steps. first“Total”Refers to the overall layout, which must adhere to the unity of full coverage and deep processing, and achieve a combination of breadth and depth. At the beginning of the survey, factors such as the background, realistic impact, formation causes and development trends of the survey objects should be taken into consideration. Possible key links, key difficulties and external environments in the implementation of the survey should be included in the feasibility analysis, and the risk differential pattern generated by the survey should be comprehensively assessed to lay a solid foundation for the smooth conduct of the entire survey.“points”w88 mobile is emphasized that differentiated investigation strategies should be adopted according to the different nature and characteristics of the research objects during the implementation process. For example, to investigate certain types of social events, the typical case method is more effective; to investigate the background of a certain social group, structured questionnaires are more effective; to investigate group psychology and mental problems, psychological scales are more effective; to investigate subjective tendencies such as opinions and attitudes, symposiums and individual interviews are more effective, etc. That is, the most suitable method is used to achieve high efficiency and ensure high quality. last“Total”, which is in the second step“points”On the basis of 12134_12274|, the obtained data information is analyzed and researched to remove the rough and select the essence, remove the false and retain the true, from the outside to the inside, from here to there, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions on this basis. Countermeasures and suggestions cannot be general slogans and appeals. They should reflect the particularity of the problem on the basis of grasping the universal laws, plan according to the specific situation, try to make practical measures and seek practical results, and formulate forward-looking, targeted and operable opinions.
Second, change roles and identities and respect others equally. In research and research, the most important thing is to cultivate your respect for equality (not condescension,“I help you”natural, curious) mentality. This mentality is not only a written commitment, but also includes details in eyes, words and body movements. w88 mobile should be a feeling from the heart. This is especially true for surveys of marginalized populations.
For example, yes“Ant clan”Group research, through preliminary participant observation, I found that the characteristics of this group are: college graduates, low income, and living in a concentrated community. There is a sharp contrast between the experience of higher education and the real life situation. Therefore, the possible reactions of this group to being investigated are: avoidance, rejection, changing the subject, lying accidentally or deliberately, etc. In this case, the first priority is to eliminate the respondents' concerns and bring them closer to each other. We are equal parties. Just because I am a researcher or the mainstream of society, I cannot make any decisions“We are helping and caring about you”, let alone look at the interviewee in a condescending manner.
Of course, we don’t need to express our stance or care deliberately, but we need to use a method“Normal Heart”, Treat the person being investigated with empathy and try your best to do so“Empathic understanding”. That is to say, precisely because we are researchers, we should know the different statuses of researchers and respondents, so we should take the initiative to break this unbalanced relationship as much as possible. Nowadays, many people have two discourse systems in their mouths and speak different words on different occasions. Only with an attitude of equality and respect can they tell their true thoughts. Only with a sincere and frank attitude can we hear their innermost thoughts. Only in this way can we avoid misjudgment of the research subjects.
Third, strengthen theoretical study and improve research capabilities. In research, the external and superficial phenomena of the problem are easier to reveal, so w88 mobile is easier to understand and grasp. However, in-depth disclosure and profound understanding of the problem require the use of theoretical tools. The level of theoretical level often determines the depth and breadth of looking at the same problem. For example, there is an important theory in the study of social change“Generational replacement”. Each generation grows up in a certain social atmosphere and social system. Especially in times of drastic social changes (such as war or revolutionary times), the growth environment and social and political environment of the generation of children and the formation of their worldview are likely to be very different from their parents' generation. Therefore, in survey research, w88 mobile is necessary to pay attention to the growth environment and social background of the target group. realize“Generational differences”, you can have a deeper understanding of a country’s large-scale“Generational replacement”What impact will w88 mobile have on the operation of the entire society and the interaction between all levels of society?
Our nationwide launch this year40In a survey of young college teachers under the age of 14, we noticed the generational characteristics of the research subjects: most of the current young college teachers were born in the last century 70Era, a small number of people were born in80Early years. On the one hand, they have a better growth environment and comprehensive and systematic academic training than the older generation of scholars. On the other hand, they have distinct characteristics of the times. In the era when their worldview was formed, most of what they heard was“Cultural Revolution”In the process of growing up, they faced fierce market competition and survival pressure for further education and employment. Many young scholars also have long-term overseas study and work experience. Under the combined effect of these factors, the moral concepts and codes of conduct of this group are very different from those of the older generation of scholars: on the one hand, they pursue more practical knowledge and skills (such as possessing multiple qualification certificates), dare to show themselves, and long for the realization of self-worth; on the other hand, they pay attention to themselves, and all their efforts revolve around whether w88 mobile is conducive to personal title promotion and job promotion, and seek“Tool rationality”. They are not the ideal, dedicated group-centered people of the older generation, but individual rationalists who tend to be pragmatic and utilitarian. With such a basic understanding, w88 mobile will lay a logical starting point for in-depth analysis of the changes in the ideological values of young teachers in colleges and universities.
China is currently in a critical period of building a harmonious society and achieving scientific development. While the country has made great achievements that have attracted worldwide attention, w88 mobile also faces many development problems, such as“Three Rural Areas”Problems, employment issues, corruption issues, income distribution issues, fairness and justice issues, etc. Many issues are unprecedented and have no reference. This provides us with diversified research objects and a broad practical platform. We should closely follow the pulse of the development of the country and the times, focus on practical issues in reform, development and stability, actively carry out investigations and research, and summarize new ideas, new perspectives, new judgments and new measures on the basis of fully possessing and analyzing first-hand materials.
Original link:
http://www.studytimes.com.cn:9999/epaper/xxsb/html/2011/12/05/05/05_30.htm
