The weather alternates between winter and spring, and the human immune system cannot adapt to climate change in time. In addition, pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi are more active than in winter, making it easier to get sick. With the arrival of spring, people begin to go out more and more. At this time, pollen flying everywhere is likely to cause illness in people who are allergic to pollen. Frequent external contact can easily cause pathogens to spread to each other in a small space. Spring is the season of high incidence of infectious diseases. Many infectious diseases can also cause other more serious complications.Schools are a place where people are relatively dense and concentrated. Once an epidemic occurs, it is easier to spread and will have a greater impact on the work and study of teachers and students. Therefore, it is necessary for us to understand common infectious diseases in spring and their preventive measures.The following is a brief introduction to the symptoms and prevention and treatment measures of several common diseases.
1. Common infectious diseases in spring:
1, influenza (influenza)
Influenza, referred to as influenza, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. It is highly contagious and its incidence rate ranks first among infectious diseases. With Type AH1N1Influenza viruses have broken out around the world, and the current influenza in my country has gradually shown to be type AH1N1Influenza virus is the dominant influenza virus, which will surely become the focus of influenza prevention in the future.
2, meningococcal meningococcal meningitis
Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, referred to as meningococcal meningitis, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis and is highly contagious. The early onset of meningitis is similar to a cold, with runny nose, cough, headache, fever, etc. After the bacteria enter the cerebrospinal fluid, headaches worsen, and critical symptoms such as drowsiness, neck stiffness, projectile vomiting, and coma and shock occur.
3,Chickenpox
Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by chickenpox——Caused by the herpes zoster virus. The typical clinical manifestations of chickenpox are low-to-moderate fever, red maculopapular rashes that quickly appear in batches, and rapidly develop into clear, oval-shaped small blisters.24The blisters become cloudy and easy to rupture after an hour. After receiving regular treatment, if there is no concurrent infection, generally7-10Heaven can heal.
4, mumps
common name“Zhachi”, an acute, systemic infection caused by the mumps virus, general2It can be cured in about a week. It is more common in children and adolescents, with a good prognosis and long-lasting immunity after the disease.
5, Rubella
Rubella is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by rubella virus. Spring is the season of high incidence of rubella. Initially, there is usually only low-grade fever and very mild cold symptoms. The rash usually appears 1 to 2 days after the onset of the disease. It only takes 1 day for the rash to start on the face and spread all over the body. The rash will appear when the fever occurs and the rash will subside when the fever subsides. These are the characteristics of rubella. Enlarged lymph nodes behind the occiput, behind the ears, and in the neck are also common signs of this disease. Rubella does not require special treatment. After the diagnosis is confirmed, observe at home, clean and care for the skin and mouth, give easy-to-digest and nutritious liquid or semi-liquid food, and pay attention to rest quietly.
6, measles
Measles is an acute infectious disease caused by the measles virus, with an incubation period8—12Day, general10It can be cured in about days. Typical clinical symptoms can be summarized as“Three, three, three”, the prodromal stage3Day: before rash3The sky appears38Moderate fever around 180 degrees Celsius, accompanied by cough, runny nose, tears, photophobia, and gray-white dots on the oral and buccal mucosa (this is a characteristic); rash stage3Day: course of illness4-5Celestial body temperature increased4019000_190293Day: Rash3-4A few days later, the body temperature gradually returned to normal, the rash began to subside, and the skin remained with sugar bran-like scaling and brown pigmentation. Measles is spread through respiratory droplets, and patients are the only source of infection. Long-lasting immunity can be acquired after illness, and a second illness is extremely rare. People who have never had measles and have not been vaccinated against measles are generally susceptible, especially6months~5The highest incidence rate among children aged 20309_20321|90%）。
2. Three basic links in the epidemic of infectious diseases
In order for an infectious disease to spread among the population, it must have three basic links: the source of infection, the route of transmission, and the susceptible population. Without any one of these links, the infectious disease will not spread.
1, source of infection
A source of infection is a person or animal that can spread pathogens. Pathogens survive and multiply in the respiratory tract, digestive tract, blood or other tissues of the infectious source, and can be directly or indirectly transmitted to healthy people through the excretion, secretions or biological media (such as mosquitoes, flies, lice, etc.) of the infectious source.
2, transmission route
The transmission route refers to the path through which pathogens leave the source of infection and reach healthy people. The main ways of spreading pathogens are:
（1) Droplet transmission: When talking, coughing, or sneezing, germs are spread to others through saliva droplets and air droplets.
（2) Dust transmission: The patient's sputum and nasal discharge contain a large number of germs. Because he does not pay attention to hygiene, he spits everywhere and twists his nose.
（3) Direct contact transmission: Hands are the most direct route for infectious bacteria. During an infectious disease epidemic, patients have a large number of germs on their hands. A large number of germs remain on the surfaces of objects they come in contact with.
3, susceptible groups
Susceptible groups refer to people who lack immunity to a certain infectious disease and are easily infected with the disease. For example, people who have never had measles are susceptible to measles.
3. General measures to prevent infectious diseases
General measures to prevent infectious diseases can also be divided into the following three aspects.
1, control the source of infection
Many infectious diseases are already contagious before they begin to occur. When symptoms of infectious diseases are shown in the early stages of the disease, they are most contagious. Therefore, early detection, early diagnosis, early reporting, early treatment and early isolation of infectious patients should be achieved as much as possible to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Animals suffering from infectious diseases are also sources of infection and must be dealt with promptly. This is an important measure to prevent infectious diseases.
2, cut off the transmission route
The way to cut off the transmission route is to pay attention to personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Eliminating the vector organisms that spread diseases and carrying out some necessary disinfection work can prevent pathogens from infecting healthy people.
3, protect susceptible people
During the epidemic of infectious diseases, attention should be paid to protecting susceptible people, not allowing susceptible people to come into contact with the source of infection, and vaccinations should be carried out to improve the resistance of susceptible people. For susceptible people, they should actively participate in sports, exercise, and enhance disease resistance.
4. Prevention of infectious diseases10Big attention points
1, Eat a reasonable diet, increase nutrition, drink more water, take in enough vitamins, and eat more foods rich in high-quality protein, carbohydrates and trace elements, such as lean meat, eggs, jujubes, honey, fresh vegetables, fruits, etc.; actively participate in physical exercise, go to the countryside and outdoors to breathe fresh air, walk, jog, do exercises, boxing, etc. every day to keep the body's blood flowing, stretch the muscles and bones, and enhance the physical fitness;
2, Do not go to places with dense population, mixed people, and air pollution, such as farmers’ markets, individual restaurants, entertainment rooms, etc.;
3, Wash your hands frequently and thoroughly with running water, including not wiping your hands with dirty towels;
4, Open windows every day for ventilation and keep indoor air fresh, especially in dormitories, computer rooms, classrooms, etc.;
5, Reasonably arrange your work and rest, and live a regular life; be careful not to be overtired and prevent colds, so as to avoid a decrease in disease resistance;
6, do not eat, do not process unclean food, refuse to eat all kinds of raw seafood and meat, eat fruits with skins, and do not drink raw water. Do not dump garbage casually or pile up garbage casually. The garbage must be classified and destroyed uniformly;
7、 Pay attention to personal hygiene and do not spit or sneeze;
8If you have fever or other discomfort, seek medical attention promptly; it is best to wear a mask when going to the hospital and wash your hands after returning to the dormitory to avoid cross-infection;
9, Avoid contact with people with infectious diseases, and try not to go to areas where infectious diseases are prevalent;
10. Properly disinfect items and rooms used by infected persons, such as drying clothes and quilts in the sun. Spray and wipe door handles, tabletops, and floors with chlorine-containing disinfectant in the room.
I sincerely wish all teachers and students good health and a happy work, study and life in Huiyuan!
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