Promote the w88 casino games of high-level universities and key disciplines
——Report by Guo Xinli, deputy director of the Office of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council and deputy director of the Department of Degree Management and Graduate Education of the Ministry of Education, at the special report meeting of the Central Group of the Party Committee of w88 casino (abstract)
The "Government Work Report" delivered by Premier Wen Jiabao at the "Two Sessions" this year put forward new requirements for higher education. The "Report" talks about two achievements of higher education. One isThe development scale of general higher education continues to expand. Until now, the number of undergraduate students has reached800Ten thousand people, the number of undergraduate and junior college students has reached2700More than 10,000 people; secondly, the w88 casino games of key disciplines in colleges and universities has made significant progress. The future development of higher education has three tasks. The first is to improveQuality of higher education, secondPromote the w88 casino games of high-level universities and key disciplines. Third, the increase in higher education enrollment is tilted towards the central and western regions.The "Eleventh Five-Year Development Plan of the People's Republic of China" has two requirements for the development of higher education. The first is to improve the quality of higher education, and the second is to promote the w88 casino games of high-level universities and key disciplines. It can be seen from the report and plan that strengthening the w88 casino games of high-level universities and key disciplines is a very important task for higher education at present.
I am very happy to exchange some experiences at work with you today, and I hope you can criticize and correct me. First of all, let me introduce my unit - the Office of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council, which is the Department of Degree Management and Graduate Education of the Ministry of Education. It is "211Engineering" Inter-ministerial Coordination Group Office, which is the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance"985Engineering" Office, China's executive agency for mutual recognition of academic qualifications in the Asia-Pacific region, and the Degree Office of the Ministry of Education, "211The "Engineering" office, although the office has many names, actually carries out its work according to three major work systems: subject system, training system and key w88 casino games system.
1. Looking at my country’s higher education from a ten-year comparison
my country’s higher education has gone through a process100Years of history. here100In the development process over the years, which period played a key role?
194910299_103160.3%, before reform and opening up,197810382_103962%, the gross enrollment rate now reaches27%. A careful analysis shows that the real development of higher education in China occurred after the reform and opening up, and it was in the past ten years that it played a key role.1995Year, my country’s general colleges and universities have a total of1054Institute, undergraduate students163.51Ten thousand people, gross higher education enrollment rate7.2%, graduate student14.5110,000 people (doctoral students2.88ten thousand people).1995Before 10759_10779|, China did not award as many doctoral students as South Korea,1999It was not as good as India before years ago. Faculty“Fault”The phenomenon is very prominent, the proportion of full-time teachers with doctoral degrees is only2.6%;The equipment is very scarce and the w88 casino has just begun to be built95All equipment invested a lot before1995New Year's Eve2000Year"211”The total investment in engineering equipment; the means of obtaining international information are backward; teaching and scientific research facilities are in short supply; our universities have no obvious influence in the international higher education community, and there is not much competitiveness.
After ten years of w88 casino games, to200511851_118651792Institutes that can award bachelor's degrees701Institute, granting master's degree490Institute, awarded doctorate260place,985University39place,211University107So.2006The annual higher education gross enrollment rate reached22%, now reached27%, graduate education has developed from scratch to now, with both breakthroughs10010,000: First, the degree awarded exceeds100Ten thousand, the second is that the w88 casino size exceeds100Ten thousand. It can be seen from these figures that my country's higher education has entered the ranks of major higher education countries in terms of scale. via China28Graduate w88 casino University and United StatesAAUComparing the average values of university-related indicators, it can be seen that the gap between my country and developed countries in the world in terms of first-class education has narrowed significantly. from Tsinghua University andMITFrom the relevant indicator comparison data, it can be seen that the gap in the educational level of the two schools has also been significantly narrowed.
It can also be seen from these comparisons that the overall strength of key w88 casino games schools has been significantly improved, discipline w88 casino games has achieved significant results, some disciplines are close to or have reached the international advanced level, and a key discipline system that meets the needs of my country's modernization w88 casino games has been basically established.
passed20After years of development, the major achievements in discipline w88 casino games are mainly reflected in: First, a discipline system that meets the needs of modernization has been basically formed, including basic disciplines, applied disciplines, and emerging interdisciplinary disciplines. Some disciplines have reached or are close to the advanced level of similar international disciplines. According to the American Institute of Scientific Information (ISI）Developed“Basic scientific indicators”（ESI) database, for global11years(1995Early January of the year2005year12At the end of the month) statistics on the total number of citations of papers published by scientific research institutions, according to22The subjects are arranged and given in front of this subject1% ranking of scientific research institutions (the total number of such institutions is nearly2500, including universities near1400Institute). Our country has26Total number of colleges and universities75disciplines enteredESIThe first database related subject area1%, all of these colleges and universities are“211Engineering”The w88 casino mainly focuses on materials science, chemistry, physics, engineering and computer science, and many subjects rank very high. Second, the subject equipment conditions have been significantly improved, and the education and teaching conditions have been significantly improved; third, the ability to undertake major national scientific research tasks has been significantly enhanced,“211Engineering”w88 casino“Fifteen”The total amount of scientific research funding during the period is1019.82Billion yuan, yes“八五”Period122.72billion yuan8.3times; It can be seen from the statistics of national projects undertaken in the past ten years and the statistics of national awards won in the past ten years that scientific research capabilities have been significantly improved and a large number of landmark achievements have been produced. The number of major national philosophy and social science projects undertaken and the total amount of scientific research funding have increased significantly,“Ninth Five-Year Plan”、“Fifteen”Period,“211Engineering”The number of projects undertaken by the w88 casino from the National Philosophy and Social Sciences Fund is1496Sum of items2671items; the research funds obtained are8.9Billion Yuanhe38.7Billion yuan. with“八五”Period comparison,“Fifteen”The research funding obtained during the period is“八五”Period19.6times. ten years"211"The outstanding achievement of the project is to build a higher education public service system that is synchronized with the world, efficient and fast. Fourth, the academic status and talent training quality of my country's higher education are increasingly recognized by international peers and have been compared with30Several countries have signed intergovernmental agreements on mutual recognition of academic qualifications and degrees; fifth, the key w88 casino games model has attracted the attention of the international higher education community, and some countries have also launched special plans to build high-level universities.
To sum it up, I think, from1995New Year's Eve200516449_165162020The new situation of building a moderately prosperous society and an innovative country in 2016. To realize the comprehensive take-off of higher education and create new miracles, we must solve two essential problems and resolve two basic contradictions in development. First, China's higher education has insufficient innovation capabilities and insufficient international competitiveness. Its essence is team building, which leads to a basic contradiction between the requirements of national modernization and our ability to meet national needs. Second, there are too few high-quality resources for higher education in our country, which leads to the basic contradiction between the shortage of high-quality resources and the individual desire of ordinary people to receive education with high-quality resources. How to achieve the transformation from a large country in higher education to a powerful country in higher education, and then achieve the goal of a powerful country in human resources? I believe that from past historical experience to future development, we must take the path of key construction to drive overall development. For a developing country like China, our resources are limited and the imbalance is very obvious. Therefore, we can only focus on the key points and focus on building a group of high-level universities like the w88 casino to improve competitiveness and ensure the quality of education. The quality of the entire higher education also depends on the quality of these high-level universities to a certain extent. At the same time, the state must increase investment and further expand high-quality resources. Under the guidance of such a development strategy, my country's higher education as a whole has developed.
2. Building high-level universities and high-level disciplines
When talking about high-level universities and high-level disciplines, we must go back to the basic functions of universities. Teaching, talent training, scientific research, social services, and leading cultural development are the basic functions of universities, and the units that realize these basic functions are disciplines. Disciplines are the basic units that realize the functions of a university. The construction of a w88 casino must be driven by subject construction; subject construction is the core of w88 casino construction; before building a world-class university and a high-level university, we must first build high-level disciplines and build world-class disciplines.
198519358_194601986Year Pilot,1988Passed communication review, expert meeting review, and approval by the former State Education Commission, and was awarded a total of 19522_19549|416; another comment from the general of the People's Liberation Army13A key discipline of the army.2001Start in year,2002year1Complete the second selection in month, with a total of 19715_19729|964number+1。2007year2Month Solstice11Completed the third selection in May, and selected first-level key disciplines287, second-level national key disciplines693, national key (cultivation) discipline219pieces.
National key disciplines are important bases for cultivating innovative talents and conducting scientific research that are determined and constructed by the state based on development strategies and major needs. They occupy a backbone and leading position in the higher education discipline system. It can be seen from this definition that“required”、“Level”、“w88 casino games”、“Demonstration”are the four elements in the definition of key disciplines.
“Discipline direction”、“Team”、“Undergraduate and postgraduate training system”、“Scientific Research”、“Conditions”、“Academic environment”It is the condition of key subjects. The conditions for key disciplines are: the main subject direction is of great significance in promoting subject development, scientific and technological innovation, and promoting my country's economic w88 casino games, social progress, cultural development and national defense w88 casino games; it has high academic attainments, has certain international influence or domestically renowned academic leaders, and has a high-level academic team with a reasonable structure; it should have a complete undergraduate and postgraduate training system, and the quality and quantity of doctoral students trained are at the forefront of similar disciplines in the country. listed; has distinctive disciplinary characteristics and has great academic influence in this subject field; has achieved high-level results and made important contributions to economic w88 casino games and social and cultural development; undertakes important national research projects; teaching and scientific research conditions are at the advanced level of similar disciplines in the country, has strong ability to support related disciplines, has good books and documents and modern information security system; has a strong academic atmosphere, and active international and domestic academic exchanges.
The selection of key disciplines used to be mainly based on the secondary disciplines in the current Catalog of Disciplines and Majors for the Award of Doctoral and Master's Degrees and the Training of Postgraduate Students. This time, a first-level national key discipline has been added. The subject catalog currently in use is1997year1022960_23099
The construction of key disciplines is the leader and core of w88 casino construction. This understanding and concept has been widely accepted and has become a consensus. after985、211Other project w88 casino games,The w88 casino games of national key disciplines has achieved significant w88 casino games results, but the current problems are mainly: the structure cannot well adapt to the national needs and discipline development advantages; a standardized and institutionalized w88 casino games, management and investment mechanism has not been formed; the selection and w88 casino games lack a systematic combination.
The goals of key discipline w88 casino games are: first, to improve innovation capabilities and talent cultivation capabilities, and become a base for solving national problems; second, to adjust the structure of key disciplines in a timely manner according to national needs and guide schools to carry out discipline w88 casino games; third, to gradually establish a new mechanism for the w88 casino games of key disciplines and improve the efficiency of key discipline w88 casino games; fourth, to optimize resource allocation, pool financial resources from all parties, and gradually form a key discipline system with a reasonable layout, each with its own characteristics and advantages. The basic ideas of discipline w88 casino games: change ideas, adjust structures, improve mechanisms, and build systems.
We must give full play to the backbone and demonstration role of national key disciplines. Promote the intersection and union between various disciplines to improve the level of relevant disciplines in schools; establish a resource sharing mechanism to improve investment efficiency; use the high-quality resources of national key disciplines to radiate across the country to drive the improvement of the overall discipline level of higher education.
passed“211Engineering”Promote the w88 casino games of key disciplines. Strengthen the w88 casino games of key disciplines, intensify the adjustment of the discipline structure, support the development of emerging and interdisciplinary disciplines, strive to make some of these disciplines close to or reach the world's advanced level, and build a system of key higher education disciplines with a relatively reasonable layout and structure.
There are several relationships to deal with.The first is to properly handle the w88 casino’s overall discipline construction planning and“211Engineering”Relationship with key discipline w88 casino games planning. The second is to deal with the problems selected by the Ministry of Education“Key subjects in colleges and universities”AND“211Engineering”The relationship between the 15th Five-Year Plan key discipline w88 casino games projects. The third is to handle each issue well“211Engineering”The relationship between key discipline w88 casino games projects.
“211Engineering”The basic tasks of key discipline w88 casino games should include three aspects: The first is to condense the direction of the discipline, which means to condense and temper. Mainly consider three factors. One aspect is to fully foresee the development trend of the discipline and aim at the development requirements of advanced productivity and the direction of advanced culture; the other aspect is to combine its own comparative advantages and consider the possibility of goal achievement; and the other aspect is to emphasize innovation and breakthroughs, emphasizing cross-integration and integrated development. The second is to gather innovative teams, whose main task is to cultivate academic masters, subject leaders and form innovative teams. A fundamental sign of a first-class discipline is that it has well-known academic masters, outstanding subject leaders, and a strong innovation team. Human resources are the first resource. We must be committed to cultivating a generation of subject leaders. With first-class leaders, we can gather first-class teams and create first-class disciplines. The third is to build a discipline base, which is to build a first-class laboratory, research base or engineering center, including first-class equipment, information, work space and working atmosphere.
Adhere to the path of distinctive development.We must concentrate our superior forces to fight the war of annihilation and insist on doing something and not doing something. A first-class university must have several first-class disciplines; it cannot be first-class in all disciplines; as long as we do our own analysis, choose a good direction, concentrate our efforts, and take effective measures, it is possible to strive for first-class disciplines in certain aspects. It is necessary to encourage extraordinary peaks to emerge and win by surprise. Emphasis on“Feng”AND“burst”Innovative ideas in two words.“Feng”What is it? How to protrude?“different”Where?“odd”Where? This requires innovation and finding features. The characteristic is competitiveness. Starting from the foundation of relevant disciplines of the w88 casino, we insist on innovation and strive to form our own disciplinary advantages and characteristics, so that a number of disciplines can rise to the top and win by surprise.
“211Engineering”Guiding ideology of the third phase of w88 casino gamesOne isGuided by the Scientific Outlook on Development, with the goal of achieving key breakthroughs, we must adhere to the combination of national strategic priorities and service regional development, adhere to the combination of improving subject levels and enhancing service capabilities, adhere to the combination of key w88 casino games and driving overall development, promote the w88 casino games of high-level universities and key disciplines, and promote the comprehensive and coordinated development of higher education; second, continue to focus on the w88 casino games of key disciplines, aim at the frontiers of disciplines and major national needs, and closely integrate the "National Medium and Long-term Science and Technology "Technological Development Plan Outline" and "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Further Prosperity and Development of Philosophy and Social Sciences", as well as the implementation of major national science and technology projects, further optimize the subject structure and layout, and accelerate the advancement of a number of disciplines into the internationally advanced ranks; third, highlight the cultivation of innovative talents and team building, further improve the level of the teaching staff, create a group of academic leaders, enhance the ability to cultivate innovative talents, and strive to improve the quality of training of high-level talents, especially doctoral students; fourth, give full play to "211Project", increase the w88 casino games and integration of public service systems, promote the social sharing of high-quality educational resources, and further improve the "211Project" w88 casino games benefits; the fifth is to promote institutional innovation, establish an operating mechanism that is conducive to subject development and resource sharing, a performance assessment and evaluation mechanism that is conducive to the creative display of talents, and create a cultural atmosphere in which outstanding talents and major achievements stand out; the sixth is to focus on the organic connection with other major national plans to form synergy and jointly promote the w88 casino games of high-level universities and key disciplines.
“211Engineering”The overall goal of the third phase of w88 casino games is:Focusing on the w88 casino games of an innovative country, we will intensify the adjustment of academic structure, team building and the cultivation of high-level innovative talents, optimize the structure and layout of key subject systems, and bring more disciplines close to or reach the international advanced level; use informatization to drive the modernization of education and build a higher education public service platform with internationally advanced levels; further narrow the gap with world-class universities and make "211Engineering" schools have become bases for cultivating innovative talents and solving major problems in economic, technological and social development. Some of them have become internationally renowned universities with distinctive characteristics and outstanding advantages, and some disciplines have reached the world's advanced level.
“211Engineering”The main tasks of the third phase of w88 casino games are: w88 casino games of key disciplines, training of innovative talents and team building, and w88 casino games of higher education public service system.Overall planning, key w88 casino games1000around key disciplines; strengthen the w88 casino games of a number of basic disciplines and social welfare disciplines that are at the forefront of international disciplines; strengthen the w88 casino games of a number of applied disciplines, high-tech and engineering disciplines urgently needed by the national development strategy; strengthen the w88 casino games of a number of key development new materials, new energy and other emerging interdisciplinary disciplines; strengthen the w88 casino games of a number of philosophy and social science disciplines that are closely related to building a harmonious society and establishing a socialist market economy and can answer major theoretical and practical issues in national development.By strengthening the integration of various higher education public service w88 casino games projects, comprehensively coordinate and plan w88 casino games plans, and promote the integrated development of projects.
The main task of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” is to lay a solid foundation. The main task of the "10th Five-Year Plan" is to improve the level. The main task of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" is to make breakthroughs in key areas. First, there are new breakthroughs in discipline construction. Second, there are new breakthroughs in cultivating innovative talents. Third, there have been new breakthroughs in the construction of the public service system. Fourth, there have been breakthroughs in mechanism innovation. Among them, the reform of various types of innovative talent training models is the focus. When we talk about innovative talents, we must not understand them as one type of innovative talents. Innovative talents must be of various types. Some are oriented to knowledge innovation, some are oriented to technological innovation, and some are oriented to philosophy and social sciences. Their types are completely different, and their ability composition is also completely different. Therefore, we must explore the training model based on the ability composition of innovative talents required for actual research in w88 casino disciplines. The innovation of mechanisms and systems includes human mechanisms and systems, scientific research mechanisms and cultural mechanisms, and it cannot be planned and promoted. It must be a mechanism and system that can play a role in the w88 casino ecology.
3. Improving the quality of graduate education
The quality of graduate education is an important component of the quality of higher education. After years of development,The development of degree and graduate education in China has achieved the following important achievements:Created a degree and graduate education system; initially formed a system for graduate training“China model”;Continuously improve the quality assurance system; enter the ranks of major postgraduate education countries; promote China's modernization drive; promote China's social transformation.
The new situation of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, building an innovative country, and implementing the strategy of strengthening the country with talents and rejuvenating the country through science and education has put forward many new requirements for postgraduate education. We position universities as an important base for cultivating high-level innovative talents in my country; as one of the main forces for original innovation in basic research and high-tech fields in my country; and as a new force in solving major scientific and technological problems in the national economy, realizing technology transfer, and transforming achievements. Therefore, it is necessary to speed up the w88 casino games of a number of high-level universities, especially a number of world-renowned high-level research universities. This is the need for my country to accelerate scientific and technological innovation and build a national innovation system. Postgraduate education is an important base for cultivating high-level innovative talents in my country; it is the main force for original innovation in basic research and high-tech fields in my country, and it is a new force for solving major scientific and technological problems in the national economy, realizing technology transfer, and transforming achievements.
After so many years of development in postgraduate education, what situations are we facing, what problems exist, and what are the future development ideas? Since last year, the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council has held consecutive meetings23times,th24times,th25meetings, the central topic discussed in the three meetings was one - quality. The meeting held that the development of postgraduate education in my country is in a critical period, and the main feature of this critical period is the transformation of my country from a large country in postgraduate education to a powerful country in postgraduate education. How to deal with it? Improve quality. Ensuring and improving the quality of training, developing and improving the degree system, further optimizing the layout and structure of graduate training, and properly handling the relationship between scale, structure, quality, and efficiency are all quality issues.
When it comes to the quality of graduate education, there are two basic premises, two basic reasons, and two basic issues. The basic premise is that we did not ignore quality issues in the past, but are paying attention to quality issues from a new starting point; the second is that the new historical period has more urgent and higher requirements for the quality of graduate education. There are two basic reasons: first, our country's economy and science and technology are limited by the level of development, and there is a gradual accumulation process; second, in the process of rapid development, there will be many problems that are underestimated, unexpected, or too late to pay attention to, and are difficult to solve in the short term. Two basic problems: First, overall, the concept of quality is still relatively weak; second, in the process of graduate training, a complete quality assurance system has not yet been established.
The main factors that have an impact on improving the quality of postgraduate education in our country are: the lack of a series of guarantee measures nationwide from entrance to exit, from the training process, funding to instructors, etc., and there are no systematic measures to guide students to improve their scientific research capabilities and innovation capabilities. First, export controls are not strict. Secondly, the academic level of graduate training institutions is generally low. Third, the selection and training mechanism needs to be improved urgently. Fourth, the instructor’s level is not high and the guidance is ineffective. Fifth, there are still certain problems in project policies and funding investment. Sixth, the innovation culture and innovation atmosphere are insufficient, and the concept of innovation culture w88 casino games has not yet been formed.
We must take effective measures to strive to improve the quality of graduate education in our country to a new level.First, take the doctoral quality analysis report as an opportunity to effectively shift the focus of graduate education to improving quality and optimizing structure. Through the joint organization of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Personnel, empirical analysis, completed成Doctoral quality analysis report, to achieve the following five purposes: to make achievements in theoretical research on doctoral education quality evaluation; to comprehensively analyze and evaluate meNational CurrentThe quality status of doctoral students, analyze the existing problems, and conduct further in-depth analysis; conduct targeted international comparisons, learn from the experience of developed countries, and propose practical quality improvement measures based on national conditions; propose ideas for future reform and development, very clear guidelines and strategies, provide a basis for the introduction of major doctoral student training policies; advocate the formation of a culture that values the quality of postgraduate education. Quality should be regarded as the code of conduct and value concept in the field of graduate education and become a systematic conscious action, forming a new atmosphere in which graduate training units, tutors, and graduate students all pay attention to quality, advocate excellence, pursue excellence, and have the courage to create.
Second, actively promote the reform of the degree authorization and review system. The overall layout of postgraduate education has been basically completed, and the authorization of doctoral and master's degrees has also been basically completed. Under such circumstances, the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council should concentrate more resources and energy on macro-control, quality assurance, policy improvement, and reform of mechanisms and systems. Of course, there are still a few master's and doctoral programs that need to be authorized, but the main focus cannot be on the few authorizations and must be transferred to improving the quality of graduate education. The state must implement macro-level control and make good plans. In this way, our main resources can be devoted to improving the quality of research and education.
Third, accelerate the reform of the graduate training mechanism. This work already has a certain foundation, mainly aiming at improving the quality of graduate education, rationally allocating resources for graduate education, improving the tutor responsibility system and funding system oriented to scientific research, strengthening the management system w88 casino games of the graduate training process, giving full play to the subjective initiative of graduate tutors, further clarifying their responsibilities and enhancing their responsibilities. Take practical measures to cultivate the innovative spirit of graduate students, enhance the innovative motivation of graduate students, and enhance the innovative ability of graduate students. Improve the coordination mechanism for graduate training and straighten out the relationship between training units, tutors and graduate students; improve the management mechanism of the training process; optimize the reward and incentive mechanism for graduate awards and bursaries; properly handle the relationship between reform, development and stability. The reform of the training mechanism affects the overall situation of education. It is necessary to grasp the rhythm and attach great importance to the operability and effectiveness of reform measures.
Fourth, to actively promote the graduate education innovation plan, we must focus on several tasks: reform the graduate training model around improving the innovation ability of graduate students; closely integrate it“211Engineering”、“985Engineering”w88 casino games to improve the innovative ability of graduate students; closely integrate with major national scientific research, major projects and fund projects to improve the innovative ability of graduate students.
Fifth, attach great importance to the moral quality, humanistic quality, scientific quality and study style w88 casino games of graduate students.
(according to reportPPTCompiled with recordings, without review by myself Haoyue organized)
