Promote the construction of high-level universities and key w88 casino
——Report by Guo Xinli, Deputy Director of the Office of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council and Deputy Director of the Degree Management and Graduate Education Department of the Ministry of Education at the special report meeting of the Party Committee Central Group of our school (Abstract)
This year, the "Government Work Report" delivered by Premier Wen Jiabao at the "Two Sessions" puts forward new requirements for higher education. The report talks about two achievements in higher education, one isThe scale of development of general higher education has been continuously expanding, and so far, the scale of undergraduate students has reached800Ten thousand people, the scale of undergraduate and junior college students reached2700More than 100,000 people; Second, the construction of key w88 casino in higher education institutions has made significant progress. There are three tasks for the future development of higher education, one is to improveQuality of higher education, secondlyPromote the construction of high-level universities and key w88 casino, and the third is that the increase in the scale of higher education enrollment is tilted towards the central and western regions.The Outline of the Eleventh Five-Year Development Plan of the People's Republic of China" has two requirements for the development of higher education. The first is to improve the quality of higher education, and the second is to promote the construction of high-level universities and key w88 casino. It can be seen from the reports and plans that strengthening the construction of high-level universities and key w88 casino is a very important task in higher education at present.
Today I am very happy to exchange some experiences in my work with you, and I hope you will criticize and correct me. First, let me introduce my unit - the Office of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee, which is the Department of Degree Management and Graduate Education of the Ministry of Education, which is "211Project" Inter-ministerial Coordination Group Office, the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Finance "985Project" Office, China's executive agency for mutual recognition of degree and academic qualifications in Asia-Pacific, or the Degree Office of the Ministry of Education, "211Project" Office, although there are many office names, it actually carries out work according to the three major working systems of discipline system, training system and key construction system.
1. Looking at my country's higher education in ten years
Higher education in my country has gone through100Year of history. Here100Which section has played a key role in the years of development?
1949In 2018, the gross enrollment rate of higher education in my country did not exceed0.3%, before reform and opening up,1978Year, the gross enrollment rate of higher education is not2%, now the gross enrollment rate reaches27%. If you analyze it carefully, the real development of China's higher education was after the reform and opening up, and it played a key role in the past decade.1995Year, there were common universities in my country1054Institute, undergraduate student163.5110,000 people, gross enrollment rate for higher education7.2%, graduate student14.51Ten thousand people (doctoral students2.8810,000 people).1995Before years, China was not as many as South Korea's doctoral students,1999Before years, it was not as good as India. Faculty Team“Fault”The phenomenon is very prominent, and the proportion of full-time teachers with doctoral degrees is only2.6%; Equipment is very scarce, and the school is about to be established95All equipment investments were equivalent before1995Year to2000Year "211”Sum of investment in engineering equipment; backward means of obtaining international information; tight teaching and research facilities; Chinese universities have no obvious influence in the international higher education community, and there is no much competitiveness.
After ten years of construction, to2005In 1998, Chinese general higher education institutions reached1792Institution, those who can award bachelor's degree are701Institute, awarded a master's degree490Institute, awarded a doctorate degree260State,985University39State,211University107School.2006The annual gross enrollment rate of higher education reached22%, now reach27%, Graduate education has developed from scratch to the present, both of which have made breakthroughs100Wan: First, the degree awarded exceeds100Ten thousand, secondly, the scale of learning exceeds100Million. From these figures, it can be seen that my country's higher education has entered the ranks of major higher education countries in terms of scale.28Graduate College and the United StatesAAUComparison of the average values of relevant indicators by universities shows that the gap in the level of first-class school management between my country and developed countries in the world has significantly narrowed. From Tsinghua University withMITThe data on the comparison of indicators shows that the gap in the operating level of the two schools has also narrowed significantly.
Through these comparisons, it can also be seen that the overall strength of key construction schools has been significantly improved, the discipline construction has achieved significant results, some w88 casino are close to or reaching the international advanced level, and a key discipline system that meets the needs of my country's modernization construction has been basically established.
pass20After years of development, the major achievements in discipline construction have been mainly reflected in: First, basically forming a discipline system that meets the needs of modernization construction, including basic w88 casino, applied w88 casino, and emerging interdisciplinary w88 casino. Some w88 casino have reached or approached the advanced level of similar w88 casino in the international field. According to the American Institute of Science and Information (ISI) developed“Basic scientific indicators”（ESI) database, for the world11Years (1995Early January 20182005年12End of the month) The total number of citations published by scientific research institutions is counted, and22Arrange the subjects and give them before the subject1Sorting of % of scientific research institutions (the total of such institutions is close2500Institute, among which the university is close to1400号). There is a Chinese26Total of universities75A discipline has enteredESIFormer database related subject areas1%, all of these universities are"211Project”School, mainly concentrated in materials science, chemistry, physics, engineering and computer science, and many w88 casino rank very high. Second, the conditions of subject equipment have been significantly improved, and the conditions of education and teaching have been significantly improved; Third, the ability to undertake major national scientific research tasks has been significantly enhanced,"211Project”School“Fifteen”The total amount of scientific research funds during the period is1019.82billion yuan, yes“85”Time122.72100 million yuan8.3times; from the statistical table of national-level projects undertaken in the past ten years and the statistical table of national-level awards won in the past ten years, it can be seen that the scientific research ability has been significantly improved, and a large number of landmark achievements have been produced. The number of major national philosophy and social science projects and total scientific research funds have increased significantly,“Nine Five”、“Fifteen”During period,"211Project”The number of projects undertaken by the school in the National Philosophy and Social Science Fund is respectively1496item and2671item; the research funds obtained are respectively8.9100 million yuan and38.7billion yuan. and“85”Compared with period,“Fifteen”The research fund received during the period is“85”Period19.6times. ten years"21118615_1868230A number of countries have signed intergovernmental agreements to recognize academic qualifications and degrees; Fifth, the key construction model has attracted the attention of the international higher education community, and some countries have also launched special plans to build high-level universities.
In summary, I think, from1995Year to2005In 19398, China's higher education development created a decade of miracle, stood at a new historical starting point, entered a critical period when the transformation from a major higher education power to a strong higher education power as its main feature, facing the arrival of2020New situation of building a moderately prosperous society and an innovative country in 20062_20468| To achieve the comprehensive take-off of higher education and create new miracles, it is necessary to solve two essential problems and solve two basic contradictions in development.
2. Build high-level universities and high-level w88 casino
To talk about high-level universities and high-level w88 casino, we must return to the basic functions of universities. Teaching, talent training, scientific research, social services, and leading cultural development are the basic functions of universities, and the unit that realizes these basic functions is the discipline.
1985In 2018, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's "Decision on the Reform of the Education System" proposed that "According to the principles of peer review and selection of merits, a number of schools with relatively concentrated key w88 casino should be built in a planned manner, and a school with relatively concentrated key w88 casino will naturally form both an education center and a scientific research center." This is the prototype of the concept of a research university.1986Year Pilot,1988In 2018, we passed the communication review, expert meeting review, and the approval of the former State Education Commission, and we have evaluated it together416; also commented on the descendants of the People's Liberation Army13Key w88 casino of the troops.2001Opened,2002年1Complete the second selection in month, and a total of rated964个+1。2007年2Month to11Complete the third selection in month, and a total of key w88 casino of first-level w88 casino were selected287, national key w88 casino of secondary w88 casino693, national key (cultivation) w88 casino219.
National key w88 casino are important bases for cultivating innovative talents and carrying out scientific research based on development strategies and major needs of the country. They occupies a backbone and leading position in the higher education discipline system. From this definition,“Required”、“Horizontal”、“Construction”、“Demonstration”are four elements of the definition of key w88 casino.
“Discipline Direction”、“Team”、“Undergraduate graduate training system”、“Scientific Research”、“condition”、“Academic Environment”is the condition for key disciplines. The conditions for key disciplines are: the main discipline direction is of great significance to promoting discipline development, scientific and technological innovation, promoting my country's economic construction, social progress, cultural development and national defense construction; have high academic achievements, certain international influence or well-known domestic academic leaders, and have a high-level academic team with a reasonable structure; there should be a complete undergraduate and postgraduate training system, and the quality and number of doctoral students trained are at the forefront of similar disciplines in China; they have distinct discipline characteristics and have a great academic impact in this discipline field; they have achieved high-level results and have made important contributions to economic construction and social and cultural development; they undertake important national research projects; the teaching and scientific research conditions rank at the advanced level of similar disciplines in China, have strong ability to support related disciplines, have a good book and literature and a modern information guarantee system; they have a strong academic atmosphere, and international and domestic academic exchanges are active.
The selection of key w88 casino was previously mainly divided based on the second-level w88 casino in the current "Catalogue of w88 casino and Majors for the Award of Doctoral and Master Degrees and Training of Postgraduate Students". This time, the national key w88 casino of first-level w88 casino were added.1997年10, issued in the month, is divided into two parts: academic degree subject catalog and professional degree subject catalog. The academic degree subject catalog is divided into three levels: discipline category, first-level discipline and second-level discipline. Clarify the principles, basic conditions and procedures for directory setting at all levels, and standardize subject directory management.
The construction of key w88 casino is the leader and core of school construction. This understanding and concept has been widely accepted and has become a consensus. go through985、211and other engineering construction,The construction of national key w88 casino has achieved significant construction results. The current problems are mainly: the structure cannot adapt well to national needs and discipline development advantages; a standardized and institutionalized construction, management and investment mechanism has not been formed; and the selection and construction lack a systematic combination.
The goal of the construction of key w88 casino is to improve innovation capabilities and talent training capabilities, and become a base for solving national problems; second, adjust the structure of key w88 casino in a timely manner according to national needs and guide schools to carry out discipline construction; third, gradually establish a new mechanism for the construction of key w88 casino to improve the efficiency of key w88 casino; fourth, optimize resource allocation, concentrate financial resources of all parties, and gradually form a key discipline system with reasonable layout and unique characteristics and advantages. The basic ideas of discipline construction: change ideas, adjust structure, improve mechanisms, and build a system.
We must give full play to the backbone and demonstration role of national key w88 casino. Promote the intersection and alliance between various w88 casino, and drive the improvement of the school's relevant discipline level; establish a resource sharing mechanism to improve investment efficiency; use the high-quality resources of national key w88 casino to radiate to the whole country, and drive the improvement of the overall discipline level of higher education.
by"211Project”Promote the construction of key w88 casino. Strengthen the construction of key w88 casino, increase the adjustment of the discipline structure of universities, support the development of emerging and interdisciplinary w88 casino, strive to make some of the w88 casino close to or reach the world's advanced level, and build a system of key w88 casino for higher education with a relatively reasonable layout and structure.
Several relationships need to be handled.The first is to handle the overall discipline construction plan of the school and"211Project”Relationship between key discipline construction planning. The second is to handle the selected selection by the Ministry of Education well“Key subjects of higher education institutions”与"211Project”Relationship between the construction projects of the fifteenth key w88 casino. The third is to handle each period well"211Project”Relationship between key discipline construction projects.
“211Project”The basic tasks of key discipline construction should include three aspects: the first is to condense the discipline direction, which means condensing and tempering. The main consideration is three factors. One aspect is to fully foresee the development trend of the discipline, aim at the development requirements of advanced productivity and the direction of advanced culture; the other aspect is to combine its own relative advantages and consider the possibility of achieving goals; the other aspect is to emphasize innovation and breakthroughs, and to emphasize cross-integration and integrated development.
Adhere to the path of distinctive development.We must concentrate our superior forces to fight an annihilation war, insist on doing what we should do, and not doing what we should not do. A first-class university must have several first-class w88 casino; it cannot be first-class in all w88 casino; as long as we do our own analysis, choose the right direction, concentrate our efforts, and take effective measures, we may strive to be first-class in some aspects.“峰”和“突”Innovative ideas in the two words.“峰”What is it? How to protrude?“异”Where is it?“奇”Where is it? This requires innovation and the characteristics need to be found.
“211Project”Guiding ideology for phase 3 constructionOne isGuided with the scientific outlook on development, aiming to achieve key breakthroughs, adhere to the combination of national strategic priority with serving regional development, adhere to the combination of improving discipline level and enhancing service capabilities, adhere to the combination of key construction and driving overall development, promote the construction of high-level universities and key w88 casino, and promote the comprehensive and coordinated development of higher education; Second, continue to focus on the construction of key w88 casino, aim at the forefront of w88 casino and major national needs, closely combine with the "National Medium- and Long-term Science and Technology Development Plan Outline" and the "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Prospering and Developing Philosophy and Social Sciences", as well as the implementation of major national scientific and technological projects, further optimize the discipline structure and layout, and accelerate the promotion of a number of w88 casino into the international advanced ranks; Third, highlight the cultivation of innovative talents and team building, further improve the level of the faculty, create a group of academic leaders, enhance the cultivation ability of innovative talents, and strive to improve the training quality of high-level talents, especially doctoral students; Fourth, give full play to the "21131166_31214211Project" construction benefits; Fifth, promote mechanisms and systems innovation, establish operating mechanisms that are conducive to discipline development and resource sharing, and perform performance appraisal and evaluation mechanisms that are conducive to the creative play of talents, and create a cultural atmosphere where outstanding talents and major achievements stand out; Sixth, focus on organic connection with other major national plans, form a joint force, and jointly promote the construction of high-level universities and key disciplines.
“211Project”The overall goal of phase 3 construction is:Focus on the construction of an innovative country, we will increase the efforts to adjust the university's science structure, team building and training of high-level innovative talents, optimize the structure and layout of key discipline systems, so that more w88 casino can approach or reach the international advanced level; use informatization to drive the modernization of education, and build a higher education public service platform with international advanced level; further narrow the gap with world-class universities, so as to make "211Engineering" school has become a base for cultivating innovative talents and solving major problems in economic, scientific and social development. Some schools have built internationally renowned universities with distinctive characteristics, outstanding advantages, and some w88 casino reach the world's advanced level.
“211Project”The main task of phase 3 construction is: Construction of key disciplines, training of innovative talents and team building, and construction of public service system for higher education.Coordinated planning, key construction1000About key disciplines; strengthen the construction of a number of basic disciplines and social welfare disciplines at the forefront of international disciplines; strengthen the construction of a number of applied disciplines, high-tech and engineering disciplines urgently needed by the national development strategy; strengthen the construction of a number of emerging interdisciplinary disciplines such as new materials and new energy that are key development; strengthen the construction of a number of philosophy and social science disciplines closely related to building a harmonious society and establishing a socialist market economy and can answer major theoretical and practical issues in national development.Promote the integrated development of projects through strengthening the integration of various higher education public service construction projects, comprehensively coordinate and plan construction plans, and promote the integrated development of projects.
The main task of the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" is to lay a solid foundation. The main task of the "10th Five-Year Plan" is to improve the level.
3. Improve the quality of graduate education
The quality of graduate education is an important part of the quality of higher education. After years of development,The following achievements have been made in the development of degree and graduate education in China:Created a degree and graduate education system; initially formed a postgraduate training“Chinese model”; Continuously improve the quality assurance system; enter the ranks of major postgraduate education countries; promote China's modernization; and promote China's social transformation.
The new situation of comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society, building an innovative country, implementing the strategy of strengthening the country with talents and developing the country with science and education has put forward many new requirements for graduate education. We position the university as an important base for my country to cultivate high-level innovative talents; it is one of the main forces in the fields of basic research and high-tech; it is the new force in solving major scientific and technological problems of the national economy, realizing technology transfer and transformation of results.
After so many years of development, what situations do we face, what problems do we have, and what are our future development ideas? Since last year, the State Council Academic Degrees Committee has held consecutive chapters23time, second24time, second25The central topic of the meeting was one - quality. The meeting believes that the development of postgraduate education in my country is in a critical period, and the main feature of this critical period is to realize my country's transformation from a major postgraduate education country to a strong postgraduate education country.
When talking about the quality of graduate education, there are two basic premises, two basic reasons, and two basic issues. The basic premise was that in the past, we did not pay attention to quality issues, but were focused on quality issues from a new starting point; the second was that the new historical period had more urgent and higher requirements for the quality of graduate education training.
The main factors influencing the quality of postgraduate education in my country are: the lack of a series of guarantee measures from entrance to export, from training process, funding to instructors across the country, and there are no systematic measures to guide students' scientific research ability and innovation ability improvement. First of all, export control is not strict.
We must take effective measures to improve the quality of postgraduate education in our country to a new level.First, taking the doctoral student quality analysis report as an opportunity, the focus of graduate education work is effectively shifted to improving quality and optimizing structure. Through joint organization of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Personnel, empirical analysis, ended成Doctoral Quality Analysis Report, achieve the following five goals: make achievements in the theoretical research on the quality evaluation of doctoral students' education; we must comprehensively analyze and evaluate meNational CurrentThe quality status of doctoral students, analyze existing problems, and further in-depth analysis; conduct targeted international comparisons, learn from the experience of developed countries, and propose practical and feasible quality improvement measures based on national conditions; propose ideas for future reform and development, and very clear policies and strategies to provide a basis for the introduction of major doctoral student training policies; advocate the formation of a culture that attaches importance to the quality of graduate education. Quality should be regarded as the code of conduct and value concept in the field of graduate education, and become a systematic and conscious action, forming a new atmosphere in which graduate training units, tutors, and graduate students pay attention to quality, advocate excellence, pursue excellence, and be brave to create.
Second, actively promote the reform of the degree authorization review system. The overall layout of graduate education has been basically completed, and the authorization of doctoral and master's degree is also basically completed.
Third, accelerate the reform of the postgraduate training mechanism. This work has a certain foundation. It mainly aims to improve the quality of graduate education, reasonably allocate resources for graduate education, improve the tutor responsibility system and funding system oriented towards scientific research, strengthen the construction of management system for graduate training, give full play to the subjective initiative of graduate tutors, further clarify their responsibilities, and enhance their responsibilities.
Fourth, actively promote the innovation plan for graduate education, and focus on several tasks: reform the graduate training model around the improvement of graduate innovation ability; closely combine"211Project”、"985Project”Construct to improve the innovation ability of graduate students; closely combine with major national scientific research, major projects and fund projects to improve the innovation ability of graduate students.
Fifth, attach great importance to the moral literacy, humanistic literacy, scientific literacy and academic style construction of graduate students.
(according to the reportPPTand recordings, not reviewed by me Haoyue compiled)
