(Source: "Rule of Law Daily" 2024-07-17)

Ascertainment of foreign w88 online casino is an important part of the correct trial of foreign-related civil and commercial cases. The accurate identification and application of foreign w88 online casino is not only a reflection of a country's high-level judicial system, but also helps to establish the reputation of a country's legal business environment.
Recently, the Supreme People’s Court issued the first batch of typical cases on the identification and application of foreign w88 online casino. These cases involve common types of foreign-related civil and commercial cases such as company investment, sales contracts, guarantee contracts, multimodal transport contracts, and project supervision contracts. They involve the w88 online casino of the United States, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Tajikistan, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of my country. They demonstrate the People's Court's clear stance of equally protecting the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese and foreign parties and accurately ascertaining and applying foreign w88 online casino in accordance with the law.
In foreign-related civil and commercial trials, in accordance with legal provisions such as the Law on the Application of w88 online casino in Foreign-related Civil Relations, identifying and accurately applying foreign w88 online casino to resolve disputes between the parties is an important manifestation of the equal protection of the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese and foreign parties. Foreign-related civil disputes often involve multiple legal relationships. Problems such as difficulty in ascertaining foreign w88 online casino, difficulty in identifying foreign w88 online casino, and time-consuming problems are more prominent in judicial practice. In order to further improve the system of ascertainment of foreign-related w88 online casino, effectively solve key and difficult issues in practice, and standardize the judicial practice of ascertainment of foreign-related w88 online casino, in December 2023, the Supreme People's Court issued the "Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Application of w88 online casino on Foreign-Related Civil Relations (II)", which stipulated the issue of ascertainment of foreign-related w88 online casino and systematically improved the responsibility for ascertainment of foreign w88 online casino, ascertainment methods, ascertainment procedures, and identification standards.
The typical cases released this time explain the judicial interpretation rules for ascertaining and applying foreign w88 online casino with case explanations, and effectively demonstrate the ability of our country’s judges to use multiple channels to accurately ascertain and apply foreign w88 online casino. This ability is first of all based on respect for the law that is supposed to apply to different legal relationships. Taking Typical Case Three as an example, an information company in Hangzhou borrowed a principal amount of RMB 200 million from the Zhejiang Branch of a Chinese bank, and a certain (Hong Kong) technology company and He Moutao provided guarantee guarantees. Both the loan and the guarantee contract stipulated that the dispute resolution should be governed by the w88 online casino of the mainland of China, the "Equity Pledge Contract" stipulated that the w88 online casino of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of my country would be applicable, and the "Pledge Agreement" stipulated that the w88 online casino of the United States New York State would be applicable. Faced with the multiple and complex legal relationships involved in the case, the judge peeled off the cocoons. In the same case, he did not uniformly apply the Chinese mainland w88 online casino agreed in the loan contract and the guarantee contract, but accurately applied different applicable w88 online casino to different legal relationships, thus making a reasonable judgment.
Secondly, these cases demonstrate the increasing ability of our country’s judicial organs to ascertain various w88 online casino of various countries. The w88 online casino of various countries are public, which makes it possible, at least in theory, to ascertain the w88 online casino. In the past ten years, our country has vigorously strengthened the work of ascertaining extraterritorial w88 online casino, established several extraterritorial law ascertainment centers or institutions, and established its own extraterritorial law database and extraterritorial law ascertainment paths. With the implementation of my country’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative, my country’s circle of friends in foreign exchanges has expanded. In judicial practice, in addition to the w88 online casino of countries that implement traditional common law and civil law, it is also necessary to identify and apply national w88 online casino that we have not commonly used in the past. Typical cases show that our country's judges can not only search for foreign w88 online casino, but also review and determine the contents of foreign w88 online casino through certain procedures when the parties have objections to the contents of foreign w88 online casino, so that they can both "find" and "clarify". For example, in Typical Case One, the People's Court conducted in-court inquiries through the Internet and submitted them to cross-examination by both parties; in Typical Case Two, there were inconsistencies in the content of foreign w88 online casino submitted by the parties. Based on the specific circumstances of the case, the People's Court combined the legal content and relevant academic materials provided by the parties, the opinions and explanations of relevant legal experts, etc., and finally made a determination on the content of the foreign law after comprehensive analysis.
In addition, these cases also demonstrate that our country’s People’s Courts play an important role in protecting our citizens, legal persons and their overseas economic interests in accordance with the law, and they have great potential. Among the typical cases, the plaintiffs and defendants in four cases are related to Chinese citizens or legal persons, including subsidiaries or shares held by Chinese citizens or legal persons overseas. When our courts govern disputes between these individuals or entities, they can fairly adjudicate according to the applicable w88 online casino that should apply to different legal relationships. This not only helps our civil and commercial judicial judgments to be recognized and enforced by foreign courts, but also enables our country’s judicial organs to protect the interests of citizens and legal persons to keep pace with their global expansion of economic activities. It also helps attract more parties to choose Chinese courts to handle disputes.
The ascertainment of foreign w88 online casino is an important part of the correct trial of foreign-related civil and commercial cases. The accurate identification and application of foreign w88 online casino is not only a reflection of a country's high-level judicial system, but also helps establish the reputation of a country's legal business environment. With the continuous advancement of my country's high-level opening up to the outside world, international civil and commercial exchanges have become increasingly frequent, and the number of countries, regions and jurisdictions involved in foreign-related civil and commercial cases has increased significantly. The judicial demand for accurately ascertaining foreign w88 online casino continues to grow, which places higher demands on judicial organs. It is expected that the people's courts at all levels will continue to accumulate good experience and practices in judicial practice, demonstrate that our country's people's courts can accurately apply not only domestic w88 online casino, but also foreign and international w88 online casino, continue to enhance the international influence of our country's foreign-related justice, and better serve high-level opening up to the outside world.

(The author is deputy dean and professor of the w88 casino of Law, w88 casino)

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