【Safety Tips】Public Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Knowledge Handbook
The origin of Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day
2009Year3month2日, approved by the State Council since2009Start of year, every year5month12日w88 online casino is the National Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day.
China is one of the countries with the most severe natural disasters in the world. Disasters have many types, are widely distributed, occur frequently, and cause heavy losses. In the context of global climate change and China's rapid economic and social development, China faces a severe and complex natural disaster situation, further intensified disaster risks, and increasingly serious disaster losses.
2008Year5month12日, Richter occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan8．0magnitude earthquake. The most destructive earthquake since the founding of New China occurred only in Sichuan Province68712People killed,17912People are missing. This major earthquake brought huge psychological pressure and difficult-to-heal trauma to the people across the country. w88 online casino can be called a major disaster in the history of the country and nation. After the disaster, the people of the country, under the leadership of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, united as one to fight the earthquake and provide disaster relief, showing unprecedented unity and strength. In order to express the remembrance of the victims of the disaster, enhance the national awareness of disaster, and improve the ability of disaster prevention and reduction, the State Council approved the2009Starting from year, every year5month12Day for the whole country"Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day". On the one hand, w88 online casino complies with the demands of all sectors of society for attention to disaster prevention and reduction in my country, and on the other hand, w88 online casino reminds the people to never forget the past and learn from the future, pay more attention to disaster prevention and reduction, and strive to reduce disaster losses.
(1) Earthquake disaster
Earthquake self-rescue What are the earthquake self-rescue measures?
While the earthquake continues, limit your activities to within a few steps of a safe location around you. Leave the room only after the shaking stops and safety is confirmed.
1. If you are indoors
Drop, take cover, and hold on—use the space under a desk, table, or bench, or lean against an interior load-bearing wall for cover, and grab a secure object with both hands. If there is no desk or table nearby, cover your head and face with your arms and crouch in the corner of the room.
Stay away from glass, building exteriors, doors, windows, and other objects that may fall, such as lamps and furniture.
If you are in bed when the earthquake strikes, stay there and don't move. Grab a pillow to protect your head. If there is a heavy light fixture above you that may fall, move to the nearest safe area.
You can only leave the room after the shaking stops and w88 online casino is confirmed that w88 online casino is safe to go outside. Most casualties in earthquakes occur when people are struck by falling objects as they enter and exit buildings.
Be aware that power may be lost and fire alarms and sprinklers may be activated.
Never use the elevator to escape.
2. If you are outside
Stay where you are and don't move.
Stay away from built-up areas, large trees, street lights, and power lines and cables.
3. If you are in a moving car
If w88 online casino is safe to do so, pull over as soon as possible and stay in your car.
Do not park under buildings, trees, overpasses or under power lines and cables.
Do not attempt to cross a damaged bridge.
Proceed carefully after the earthquake stops and pay attention to damage to roads and bridges.
4. If you are trapped under the rubble
Don't light the match.
Do not move around to avoid raising dust.
Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or cloth.
Knock on a pipe or wall so rescuers can find you. If possible, use a whistle. Choose shouting when other methods fail - because shouting may cause people to inhale a large amount of harmful dust and consume physical energy.
After the earthquake What should you pay attention to after an earthquake?
1. Check the injury
If someone stops breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration; if there is bleeding trauma, immediately apply direct pressure on the injured area to stop the bleeding; do not move the seriously injured person unless there is an urgent risk of the injury expanding; wrap the injured person in a blanket to maintain body temperature.
Carry a dry cell-powered radio with you to get the latest rescue news and news reports.
People living near the sea should be alert to possible tsunamis. Tsunamis are waves caused by earthquakes. If the local government issues a tsunami warning, be aware that dangerous waves are approaching and evacuate to inland highlands as soon as possible.
Do not use the phone unless the injury is serious.
Always wear shoes when around falling debris and glass.
2. Check for hidden dangers
Extinguish the flames if possible. If the fire cannot be extinguished, leave the home quickly, notify the fire brigade if possible, and alert neighbors.
Use a dry cell-powered flashlight to inspect the house. Turn on a flashlight before entering the house because turning on the flashlight may cause sparks if there is a gas leak in the house. Check gas lines, electrical wiring, and water pipes, and check for damage to appliances. If you smell gas or see a ruptured pipe, turn off the main valve on the gas pipe entering the house from the outside. Do not close the switch again until the power supply bureau comes to your home to conduct a safety inspection.
Remember: after the gas gate is closed, w88 online casino must be reopened by a professional. Do not light a match to look for a gas leak.
Note: If you suspect a gas pipe leak, do not flip the power switch or use electrical appliances, because the sparks generated may ignite the leaked gas.
If the electrical wiring in your home is damaged, cut off the power. If the situation is unsafe, leave the house and seek help.
Never touch downed power lines or damaged appliances.
Inspect the building for cracks and damage, especially around chimneys and brick walls. If a building shows signs of collapse, evacuate quickly. Do not use the fireplace unless you are sure the chimney is not damaged and does not have cracks.
Clean up spills of chemicals, bleach, gasoline, and other flammable and explosive liquids.
Check the water pipes and sewer pipes before going to the toilet to make sure they are in good condition.
Plug the drains of bathtubs and sinks to prevent sewage from flowing back.
Check water and food supplies. If the water source is cut off, you can use water from the water heater or melt edible ice cubes to provide emergency relief. Throw away any food that may be spoiled or contaminated.
Check closets and pantries, and be careful when opening doors. Be aware of items that may fall from the dodging rack.
If you need to cook during an emergency, charcoal and gas grills may only be used outdoors.
Do not drive unless the situation is critical. Do not travel through the affected area to see the excitement, as this will only hinder rescue operations. Streets must be kept clear to allow emergency vehicles to pass unimpeded. Beware of aftershocks. Although aftershocks are generally weaker than the main shock, they can still be enough to cause further damage and make buildings more vulnerable. Stay away from damaged areas unless the police, fire department or rescue organization requests your assistance.
(2) Meteorological disasters
Thunder and lightning What is the defense against lightning?
1.Install lightning protection devices on buildings. That is, the lightning protection device is used to introduce the lightning current into the earth and disappear.
2.During thunderstorms, people should not get close to high-voltage transformer rooms, high-voltage wires, isolated high-rise buildings, chimneys, poles, large trees, flagpoles, etc., and do not stand on open highlands or take shelter under large trees.
3.Umbrellas with metal posts cannot be used. When operating in the suburbs or in the open air, do not use metal tools, such as crowbars, etc.
4.Do not wear wet clothing near or stand on open pallets of metal merchandise.
5.Don’t turn on your cell phone on the top of a mountain during thunderstorms, let alone use your cell phone.
6.Do not touch or approach the ground conductor of the lightning protection device during thunderstorms.
7.In thunderstorm days, lighting lines, telephone lines, TV lines and other lines should be kept away from indoors to prevent people from being injured by lightning.
8.During thunder and rain, w88 online casino is strictly forbidden to stay on the top of a mountain or in a high hilly area, and you must not continue to climb up to watch the rain. You cannot take shelter under big trees or near telephone poles, and do not walk or stand in open fields. You should hide in low-lying areas as soon as possible, or find shelter in a building or a dry cave as much as possible.
9.During thunderstorms, do not use metal-handled umbrellas. Take off metal-framed glasses, watches, and trousers. If you are traveling by bicycle, get off the bicycle as soon as possible. You should also stay away from other metal objects to avoid being struck by lightning due to conductive electricity.
10.During thunderstorms, do not go swimming, boating, fishing, etc. in rivers, lakes, etc.
11.If tourists are resting in a hotel during lightning, thunder, wind and rain, they should immediately turn off the TV, radio, stereo, air conditioner and other electrical appliances in the room to avoid electrical conduction. When thunder strikes, w88 online casino is safer to be in the center of the room. Do not stay directly under the lamp, or lean on pillars, walls, or doors and windows to avoid accidents caused by induced electricity during thunder.
Typhoon What to do when a typhoon comes?
1, Reduce going out as much as possible, ride a bicycle less when you must go out, and do not stay under billboards or temporary buildings to take shelter from the wind.
2. If you are driving, you should drive into an underground parking lot or a hidden place.
3. If you live in a tent, you should immediately fold the tent and take shelter from the wind in a sturdy house.
4. If you are working or swimming on the water, you should immediately go ashore to take shelter from the wind. The ship should obey the command and return to the harbor to take shelter. The sailboat should lower its sails as soon as possible.
5, Be careful to close the windows in the room, put "rice"-shaped tape on the window glass to prevent the glass from breaking, stay away from the window, and avoid strong winds sweeping sand and rocks to break the glass and hurt people.
6. In public places, evacuate to designated locations.
7, Agricultural production facilities should be reinforced in time, and mature crops should be harvested as soon as possible.
Strong cold air What are the health precautions when strong cold air hits?
Winter is the coldest season of the year. When strong cold air invades, w88 online casino is often accompanied by severe weather such as strong winds, rain, snow, and ice. This low-temperature environment can greatly weaken the body's defense function and resistance, thereby inducing various diseases and even life-threatening situations. There are several seemingly minor health problems that can lead to serious problems if not properly taken care of.
1. Nose bleeding: For minor bleeding, the patient can be placed in a semi-sitting or side-lying position with the head slightly lowered forward. Breathe through the mouth instead to keep the airway open, and use fingers to press the nose to stop bleeding, about10The amount of bleeding will naturally decrease or stop in about minutes. Heavy or rapid bleeding, especially when combined with high blood pressure or other medical conditions, often requires urgent medical attention.
2, Respiratory diseases: Don’t put on thick clothes all at once because you are afraid of the cold, and don’t sit in an air-conditioned room all day long to enjoy the warmth created by the air conditioner. The best way is to get yourself moving, because exercise not only promotes blood circulation in the body and enhances cardiopulmonary function, w88 online casino is also a very beneficial exercise for our respiratory system. If you fall in love with sports, you will soon find that you no longer need to dress like a ball to go out. Of course, as we enter the season of high influenza incidence, getting a flu vaccine is also a necessary protection for your health.
3Dry skin: In winter, if you love cleanliness, you should pay more attention to the rules and frequency of bathing. Don’t bathe too frequently, once a day is enough, and w88 online casino is best not to bathe with soap (because soap is generally alkaline and can easily irritate the surface of the skinPHvalue imbalance), the water temperature should not be too high, try to use a bath containing moisturizing ingredients, and after taking a bath, apply a moisturizing ointment containing moisturizing ingredients, such as Vaseline.
4. Cold hands and feet: Do not smoke at ordinary times, avoid excessive intake of caffeinated foods, such as coffee, strong tea, cola, etc., eat more warm blood-activating foods, wear more warm clothes, do more warm-up exercises such as stretching fingers, circling arms, twisting toes, etc., and avoid long-term fixed postures and mental concentration, especially continuous use of computers7More than hours. Of course, if you can make yourself move in the rustling autumn season, w88 online casino is the most natural and good way to achieve immediate results.
5, Joint pain: In addition to keeping your limbs warm, you can also use knee pads, elbow pads and other supplies. Regular exercise can strengthen the muscles of the legs and promote blood circulation. Swimming is a good choice for water sports in a heated pool. You can also take measures to keep warm and remove moisture according to the weather forecast before the weather changes.
6, Emotional disorders: In addition to participating in psychological counseling and certain antidepressant drug treatments, light therapy can be used as an effective auxiliary therapy. In the bleak winter, w88 online casino is very necessary to let yourself get more sun. Sunlight can not only dry out depression, but also synthesize vitamins in the body with the help of sunlightD, w88 online casino also has many benefits for calcium supplementation.
Heavy rain What should I do if there is a heavy rain?
1.In low-lying residential areas, "small encirclement" measures can be taken according to local conditions, such as building fences, placing water baffles at the gates, and configuring small water pumps.
2.Do not throw garbage, debris, etc. into the sewer to prevent blockage and water accumulation during heavy rains.
3.Electrical sockets, switches, etc. in the homes of residents on the ground floor should be moved off the ground1meterA safe place above. Once outdoor water enters the house, the power supply should be cut off immediately to prevent electric shock and injury.
4.Be careful when walking in standing water. Prevent falling into manholes, pits or holes.
5.The river is an important drainage channel in the city. w88 online casino is not allowed to dump garbage and waste at will to prevent siltation.
Cold wave What are the preventive measures for cold waves?
1. When the temperature drops sharply, you should pay attention to adding clothes to keep warm, especially your hands and face.
2, Close doors and windows, and secure outdoor structures.
3, Be careful of slipping and falling when going out
4, elderly and weak patients, especially cardiovascular patients, asthma patients and other people who are sensitive to temperature changes should try not to go out.
5, Pay attention to rest and avoid excessive fatigue.
6, Beware of gas poisoning, especially in households that use coal stoves for heating.
7, Weather forecast should be strengthened and accurate cold wave news or warnings should be issued in advance.
High temperature disaster How to prevent high temperature disasters?
1.Install air conditioners and fans to improve the hot indoor environment. But do not stay in an air-conditioned room for a long time to prevent so-called "air-conditioned diseases" such as headaches and dizziness. The fan cannot be blown directly on the head or a certain part of the body for a long time to prevent local parts of the body from getting cold.
2.When you are sweating profusely, w88 online casino is not advisable to take a bath with cold water immediately to prevent the cold air from invading the skin and causing illness. You should wipe off your sweat first, take a short rest, and then take a bath with warm water.
3.Car drivers should have a good rest at night when the temperature is low and ensure enough sleep time to prevent traffic accidents caused by fatigue.
4.In hot weather, w88 online casino is advisable to eat salty foods and drink more herbal tea, mung bean soup, etc. to replenish the water and salt lost through sweating.
5.Perform moderate physical exercise to enhance the body's heat-resistant function and improve its ability to adapt to high-temperature environments.
Hail What are the defenses against hail?
Our country is one of the earliest countries in the world to implement artificial hail prevention. Due to the serious hail disaster in our country, hail prevention work has received the attention and support of the government. Currently commonly used methods are:
①Use rockets, anti-aircraft guns or aircraft to directly send catalysts such as silver iodide, lead iodide, dry ice and so on into the cloud;
② Send catalysts such as silver iodide, lead iodide, and dry ice to the free atmosphere on the ground before cumulonimbus clouds are formed, so that these materials can act as hail embryos in hail clouds, causing the number of hail embryos to increase and the hail to become smaller;
③Set rockets into hail clouds on the ground to engage in anti-aircraft artillery, or launch rockets and bombs from aircraft into hail clouds to destroy the moisture transport to hail clouds;
④ Use rockets and anti-aircraft guns to scatter condensation nuclei into the warm cloud parts to cause the clouds to form precipitation to reduce the moisture in the clouds; scatter ice nuclei into the cold cloud parts to inhibit the growth of hail embryos.
Common methods of anti-hail measures in agriculture include:
①In hail-prone areas, plant grass and trees, increase forest area, improve the landscape environment, destroy hail cloud conditions, and achieve the purpose of reducing hail disasters;
②Increase planting of crops that are resistant to hail and have strong recovery capabilities;
③ Harvest mature crops in time;
④ During the hail season in areas prone to hail disasters, farmers carry hail prevention tools, such as bamboo baskets and wicker baskets, with them when they go to the fields to reduce personal casualties.
Snow disaster How to prevent snow disasters in agricultural production?
1, Effective antifreeze measures should be taken early to resist the attack of strong low temperature on overwintering crops, especially to prevent the harm of sustained low temperature to vigorous and weak seedlings.
2, Strengthen the management of greenhouse vegetables and overwintering vegetables on the ground to prevent the harm of continuous rain, snow, and low temperature weather. The snow on the greenhouse should be cleared promptly after snowfall, which not only reduces the pressure on the plastic film, but also helps increase temperature and light transmission; at the same time, strengthen the storage management of various winter vegetables, melons and fruits.
3, w88 online casino is necessary to clean up the "three ditches" in time between rain and snow, reduce humidity and drain water, so as to prevent long-term water accumulation in the fields caused by continuous rain and snow, affecting the growth and development of the wheat vegetable root system. At the same time, w88 online casino is necessary to strengthen field management, cultivate and loosen the soil, eradicate weeds, and improve their cold resistance. Do a good job in preventing and controlling pests and diseases.
4. Cover wheat vegetables with soil in time to improve their ability to withstand the cold. If they can be covered with organic fertilizers such as pig and cow manure, the effect of preserving seedlings over the winter will be better.
5, Windproof and reinforcement of greenhouses should be done well, and attention should be paid to insulation and temperature increase inside the greenhouses to reduce the occurrence of vegetable diseases and ensure the normal supply of vegetables during the Spring Festival.
Mudslide How to escape from a mudslide:
1.When hiking along the valley, if you encounter heavy rain, you must quickly move to a nearby safe highland, as far away from the valley as possible, and do not stay too long at the bottom of the valley.
2.Pay attention to the surrounding environment, and pay special attention to whether you hear thunder-like sounds coming from the valley in the distance. If you hear w88 online casino, be highly alert, as this is likely to be a sign of an impending mudslide.
3.Choose flat high ground as your campsite, avoid hillsides with rolling rocks and large amounts of debris as much as possible, and do not camp at the bottom of valleys or river ditches.
4.After discovering a mudslide, immediately climb up the slopes on both sides perpendicular to the mudslide. The higher you climb, the better, and the faster you run, the better. You must not go downstream of the mudslide.
(3) Daily first aid knowledge
Home Fire What are the self-rescue methods for home fires?
Home fires are generally caused by people's negligence. They often happen suddenly, catching people off guard, and the consequences are serious.
When a fire occurs, use various methods to extinguish the fire as much as possible. If you are unable to put out the fire, call " immediately119"Call the police. When calling the police, please state the location of the fire, the size of the fire, the location of the burning object and the contact number, and send someone to the nearest intersection to pick up the fire truck.
If the cooking oil pan catches fire, you should quickly turn off the stove switch and cover the pan to put out the fire. If there is no pot lid, you can put the chopped vegetables into the pot to extinguish the fire. Avoid pouring water to prevent burning oil from splashing out and igniting other combustible materials in the kitchen.
When a household appliance catches fire, cut off the power supply first, and then put out the fire with a wet quilt or wet clothing. If a TV catches fire, pay special attention to approaching the TV from the side when putting out the fire to prevent the picture tube from exploding and injuring people.
When alcohol hot pot suddenly catches fire when adding alcohol, do not blow w88 online casino with your mouth. You can use a teacup lid or a small dish plate to cover the alcohol pot to extinguish the fire.
When a liquefied gas tank is on fire, in addition to covering w88 online casino with soaked bedding, clothing, etc., you can also sprinkle dry powder or soda ash to the root of the flame, and close the valve when the fire is extinguished. If the liquefied gas valve leaks, open the window quickly and do not use an open flame.
When escaping, you should lower your body as much as possible, preferably squatting along the corner, cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel or wet clothing, and leave quickly with your back to the direction of the fireworks.
When the escape route is cut off and no one is available to rescue within a short period of time, the fire-facing doors and windows should be closed, the door gaps should be blocked with wet towels or cloths, and the door should be drenched with water to prevent the intrusion of fireworks.
Electric shock How to provide first aid for electric shock at home?
Apply correct first aid to those who suffer electric shock. First, remove the electric shock victim from the power supply quickly, and immediately pull down the power switch or unplug the power plug; if the power supply cannot be found or cannot be cut off in time, use dry bamboo poles, wooden sticks and other insulators to separate the wires. Then quickly move the person who was electrocuted to lie on his back in a ventilated and dry place, loosen his shirt and trousers, keep his respiratory tract open, observe whether he is conscious and breathing, and feel whether the carotid artery is pulsating. Before professional first aid personnel arrive, symptomatic treatment can be given: Coma, if the heartbeat is stopped, and breathing is present, perform chest cardiac compressions; Coma, if the heartbeat is present, breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration; Coma, and the heartbeat and breathing have stopped, perform compressions and artificial respiration alternately for each compression15After times, artificial respiration2times.
Gas poisoning What to do if you are poisoned by gas?
1． The patient should be removed from the poisonous environment as soon as possible, and doors and windows should be opened immediately to circulate air.
2． Patients should rest quietly and avoid increasing the burden on the heart and lungs and increasing oxygen consumption after activity.
3． Patients who are breathing spontaneously should be given adequate oxygen inhalation.
4． For severely poisoned persons who are unconscious and whose skin and mucous membranes are cherry red or pale or purple, they should be rescued on the spot after notifying the emergency center, and artificial cardiopulmonary resuscitation, that is, external heart compression and artificial respiration, should be carried out in a timely manner. When performing mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration, if there is any foreign body in the patient's mouth, w88 online casino should be removed first to keep the respiratory tract open.
5． Try to provide hyperbaric oxygen chamber treatment to patients as soon as possible to reduce sequelae. Even mild or moderate poisoning should be treated with hyperbaric oxygen chamber.
Food Poisoning What to do after food poisoning?
Soon after food poisoning, when the poison has not been completely absorbed, inducing vomiting is the best, simple and effective method. There are many ways to induce vomiting. The simplest is to use chopsticks or toothbrushes to stimulate the posterior pharyngeal wall. Oral emetics are also very effective. Temporarily use a cup of warm salt water or warm boiled water, add10%To20%Drinking drops of iodine can stimulate the contraction of the gastric wall and induce vomiting. For emetics, ipecac syrup is optional20ml to30ml, or use tartar0．1gram。
Gastric lavage and catharsis should go to the hospital and be performed under the guidance of medical staff. After removing toxins through vomiting, gastric lavage, catharsis, etc., the body will lose water and suffer from electrolyte imbalance. You should replenish water, salt and vitamins in time, and rest quietly.
Once food poisoning is suspected, especially mass poisoning, w88 online casino should be reported immediately to the local health administration department, the suspicious food should be sealed, and the patient's vomitus and stool should be preserved to provide medical staff with a basis for understanding the nature of the poisoning and treating the patient. For food poisoning caused by consumption, consumers should seek compensation from the store.
Trapped in the elevator What is the self-rescue method for being trapped in an elevator?
1. Stay calm, comfort the people trapped together, and explain to everyone that there is no danger and the elevator will not fall down the elevator chute. The elevator trough has an anti-fall safety device, which will firmly clamp the rails on both sides of the elevator, and the safety device will not fail.
2. Look for the help phone number left in the elevator to send a help message or use the alarm bell or intercom in the elevator to ask for help. If there is no alarm bell or intercom and the mobile phone is out of order, you can knock on the door and shout. If you are afraid of hand pain, you can take off your shoes and knock, asking for help immediately.
3. If you cannot find an elevator technician immediately, ask someone outside to call the firefighters. Firefighters typically winch the elevator up or down to the nearest floor and open the door. Even if there is a power outage, firefighters can use manual tools to winch the elevator up and down.
4. If there are no trained rescuers outside, do not climb out of the elevator by yourself.
5. Never try to force open the inner door of the elevator. Even if you can open w88 online casino, you may not be able to reach the outer door. Of course, you cannot open the outer door to escape safely. Grease on the outer wall of the elevator may also cause people to slip.
6. If there is an emergency exit on the ceiling of the elevator, do not climb out. Once the exit panel is opened, the safety switch stops the elevator. However, if the exit panel is accidentally closed, the elevator may start suddenly and cause people to lose their balance. In the dark elevator shaft, they may trip over the elevator cables, or slip due to stepping on grease, and fall from the top of the elevator.
7. If you are stuck in an elevator in a commercial building late at night or on a weekend afternoon, w88 online casino is possible that no one will approach the elevator for hours or even days. In this situation, the safest thing to do is to remain calm and wait for help. w88 online casino is best to endure the pain of hunger, thirst, and sweltering heat to save your life, listen carefully to what is going on outside, and if there is a pedestrian passing by, try to attract his attention. If that doesn't work, wait until work hours before knocking on the door and calling for help.
