(Source: Chinese Higher Education w88 login,April 18, 2024)

Abstract:The rise of the w88 login of California is a brilliant achievement in the history of global higher education development in the 20th century. Its Berkeley is a globally recognized top public w88 login for many years. The success of the w88 login of California is due to the "right time, place, and people", but the more important reason is that it advocates the w88 login spirit of pursuing science, committed to innovation, serving the society, and an internal excellent governance system.

Keywords:w88 login of California; w88 login of California, Berkeley; Higher Education; World-class w88 login

The w88 login of California is a public w88 login system with 10 branches, mainly distributed in two areas of California: one is the San Francisco Bay Area, which is famous for its high-tech, and the other is the Los Angeles area, which is famous for its entertainment industry. These two regions are also the core areas where higher education is currently developing more prominently worldwide. The former brings together two UC Berkeley and San Francisco and Stanford w88 login; the latter is famous for the UCLA and Irvine, the California Institute of Technology and the w88 login of Southern California.

Derek Bok, former president of Harvard w88 login, once pointed out that "the most brilliant achievement of higher education in the 20th century was the rise of the w88 login of California system." Of the 10 UC schools, 8 are members of the Association of American Universities (AAU), accounting for 11.2% of all w88 login members.

The development of the w88 login of California system and Berkeley, a world-class w88 login, is affected by many factors, including the "time, place, and people", but more importantly, the w88 login's unique internal and external governance factors that are adapted to the development of the w88 login of California. "Time" refers to the establishment of the first campus of the w88 login of California, Berkeley, where most of the outstanding universities in the United States were private universities and were mainly distributed on the East Coast of the United States, and there was almost no well-known w88 login on the West Coast.

It should be emphasized that "the right time, place, and people" only creates external conditions for the rise and long-term survival and development of the w88 login of California and Berkeley, and is an important factor that cannot be ignored in its outstanding achievements. However, in order to become an outstanding w88 login and be well-known, or even be one of the world's top universities, the UC system and its Berkeley still need to seize opportunities to shape the w88 login's governance culture and w88 login spirit, as well as an efficient operation mechanism.

1. The development path of creating and practicing w88 login's pioneering concept, scientific exploration spirit and comprehensive discipline vision

The establishment of the w88 login of California benefited from the Land Gift Act enacted by the U.S. federal government. In 1866, the College of California, located in Oakland, expanded its size by obtaining 124 acres of land from the federal government through the Land Giveaway Act.

w88 login of California's development concept determination and the shaping of w88 login spirit were also influenced by the gold rush culture in California in the 1850s. The gold rush not only originated from the pursuit of material things, but also reflected the cultural characteristics of the first industrial revolution that emerged from the 1760s to the 1840s, that is, the lower-class workers were eager to get rid of the difficult and disadvantaged working environment brought about by the industrial revolution and pursue an ideal life of fairness, equality, democracy and freedom.

In addition, the initial plan for the establishment of the w88 login College of Agriculture, Mining and Mechanics in accordance with the provisions of the Land Gift Act to cultivate professional training talents required for local industries and economic development that meet the requirements of the bill. However, the proposal was met with fierce opposition from Yale chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman.

It is also important to emphasize that on the one hand, the w88 login of California is committed to shaping the w88 login's spirit and profound wisdom, and actively using all possible opportunities to spread it to places farther and more needed. This is also the reason why the w88 login of California has always adhered to the "Wisconsin" concept of "the boundaries of universities are the boundaries of states" and has made higher education serve California's social and economic development.

Former Provost of the w88 login of California, Berkeley, George Breslauer once emphasized: "The California pioneer philosophy has created a culture of fair competition and inspired the motivation to build the w88 login of California into a world-class w88 login." It can be said that the fair and equal development opportunities provided by the w88 login of California to students, teachers, staff and California residents reflect the core value of its high-quality and connotation-oriented development. In a century and a half, the w88 login of California has become a world-recognized public w88 login system of excellence, and Berkeley has long been among the world's top universities.

2. Exploration path to build a "co-governance" model, strengthen academic leadership, and improve governance efficiency

Higher education governance refers to the organizational structure and operation management system of a w88 login. The governance structure of American colleges and universities is usually composed of internal and external governance systems.

The internal governance model of other universities in the United States is the same as that of the w88 login of California, the internal governance structure of the w88 login of California includes the w88 login's board of directors, academic committees, and administrative agencies. The board members are selected and appointed by the governor, and the vast majority are people of society.

The administrative management system led by the president and the academic committee composed of teachers undertakes the main tasks of policy formulation and operation of the w88 login, and shares the responsibility of internal governance of the w88 login with the board of directors, which is called "shared governance" (Shared Governance, hereinafter referred to as "co-governance"). The Academic Committee is composed of teacher representatives and undertakes policy formulation in the academic field, such as teaching, scientific research, academic planning, academic budget, teacher evaluation, teacher promotion and other policies.

In the "co-governance" model, a very important issue is the division of responsibilities and working relationship between administrative agencies and academic committees, that is, how to maximize the joint force formed by teachers' academic professional leadership and administrative leadership of administrative personnel. The author's 20 years of work experience at the w88 login of California deeply understands the existence of this synergy.

The main reasons why the "co-governance" model of w88 login of California can form a joint force. First, the decentralized collectivized decision-making model demonstrates the brainstorming decision-making characteristics.

Martin Trow summarized the connotation and significance of the w88 login of California's "co-governance" model into two aspects: "maximization of w88 login autonomy" and "pursuing excellence". The author explains its "maximization" and "pursuing excellence" into three aspects.

UC’s “co-governance” model was achieved through the collective efforts of generations of leaders and faculty. In its w88 login history, administrative power has also occurred.

3. Dedicated to raising funds through multiple channels to ensure the difficult struggle of sufficient resources

Higher w88 login is a very expensive system for consumption and a very fragile system for itself. Expensive consumption means that a large amount of funding is required; and even so, it may not be effective in the short term.

In the early development of the w88 login of California, state government education grants and federal government scientific research funding were the main sources of funding, which played a decisive role in the outstanding development of Berkeley. By the 1980s, state government appropriations still accounted for about 25% of the total funding of the w88 login of California, and (see Figure 1) accounted for about 80% of the teaching funding (teaching-related expenses).

But it is precisely because of the efforts of the w88 login of California to raise funds through multiple channels that the proportion of state government funds has been continuously compressed, the w88 login's funding investment over the past 30 years still demonstrates certain advantages. If calculated based on the currency value in 2021 and the exchange rate between the US dollar and RMB that year, the total funding investment of the w88 login of California in the early 1990s was close to 100 billion yuan.

The teaching funds of American colleges and universities usually include expenditures for teaching facilities construction, teacher salaries, administrative services and related educational activities. In the past 40 years, the proportion of this funding of the w88 login of California to total funds has not changed much.

As a research w88 login, one of the important tasks of the w88 login of California is to carry out scientific research activities. In the past 40 years, although the proportion of scientific research funds obtained by the w88 login of California has been declining, the actual expenditure has continued to increase, from RMB 11 billion in 1983 (calculated based on the currency value in 2021) to RMB 32.3 billion in 2021.

5 schools including the w88 login of California, Los Angeles and other medical schools are set up. Normally, medical schools receive high funding income through affiliated hospitals and other activities.

Finally, it is important to emphasize the importance of private donations in the outstanding w88 login of American colleges and universities. As we all know, the share of private donations in private universities’ funding sources is usually very high.

4. The road to the construction of outstanding scholars and strengthening scientific w88 login and innovation capabilities

Judson King once emphasized: "Highing the best and strongest teachers and empowering them to carry out innovative scientific research and teaching work" is one of the main factors that makes the w88 login of California outstanding and prestigious. The UC Academic Personnel Handbook clearly states: "UC must review and evaluate the work objectives of each candidate hired or promoted teacher through a committee of outstanding teachers to ensure the excellent quality of the teaching staff."

In the development process of the more than 150 years since the founding of the w88 login of California, there are countless successful cases of talent introduction and cultivation. The introduction of Ernest Orlando Lawrence was one of the early representative success stories.

In fact, after World War I, the United States was optimistic about the importance of talents and began to introduce a large number of top scholars in the field of engineering education in Europe and widely recruited European excellent scientific research and teaching models; providing scholars with a free academic atmosphere that can display their professional expertise, while granting them the authority to build and manage teams. Obviously, the cases of the w88 login of California and other universities have two common characteristics: one is to hire experts from the discipline to establish and develop disciplines, and the other is to grant personnel power to the expert management team.

Berkeley's teacher teaching evaluation criteria include: mastery of subject knowledge; continuous w88 login of subject areas; ability to effectively organize and display materials; ability to help students build the ability to connect knowledge between the subjects and other fields; ability to motivate students to carry out reasoning and independent learning; ability to stimulate new teachers' spirit and enthusiasm for learning and teaching activities; stimulate students' curiosity, self-challenge and innovative learning; positive impact on high-quality teaching and students' personality w88 login; desire and ability to participate in guiding students' extracurricular learning and activities; ability to create an open, inclusive and encouraging academic environment, etc.

Evaluation of scientific w88 login and innovation work includes: proving the scientific w88 login and innovation ability of newly hired or promoted candidates through publicly published scientific w88 login results and works such as art and engineering design. This evidence must effectively reflect the quality of scientific w88 login and innovative achievements, not just quantity.

Precisely because of such strict evaluation standards and rigorous evaluation process, by the late 1950s, w88 login attracted outstanding talents in almost every discipline, including many American Academy of Sciences or Engineering.

5. The exploration path of talent training model based on the combination of theory and practice

Enriching students' college entrance examination experience is the core path of talent training at the w88 login of California and the connotation of its educational quality. The study experience contains a very rich learning and life elements, such as general knowledge learning, professional skills cultivation, course learning, interdisciplinary knowledge expansion, extracurricular activities participation, scientific research work, community services, innovative practical ability, etc.

The curriculum settings for all UC schools are very rich. Taking w88 login as an example, 6,208 courses were offered in the fall of 2023, with an average student of 0.16.

w88 login of California, Berkeley has always adhered to the interdisciplinary research and interdisciplinary talent training concept pioneered by Lawrence. In addition to providing students with opportunities for self-interdisciplinary learning, it also provides teachers and students with interdisciplinary research and learning opportunities through the establishment of interdisciplinary disciplines. In the 1970s, when computers were at their peak, Berkeley was far-sighted and realized the importance of the intersection of knowledge of electronic engineering and computer disciplines. In 1973, the Department of Electric Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) was established.

Keeping pace with the times, timely adjusting discipline directions and establishing new disciplines are important prerequisites for universities to cultivate top innovative talents. There are countless success stories at w88 login.

It is very important for universities to provide students with theoretical learning and practical opportunities and are a prerequisite for ensuring the quality of w88 login. Of course, what is more important is: can students effectively use these opportunities to enrich their study experience?

VI. Creating and implementing a problem-oriented path to subject quality assessment

The American higher education quality assurance and evaluation system has a history of more than 100 years, and has formed a system that integrates quality standards establishment, certification, subject evaluation, and student learning outcome evaluation. The contribution of the w88 login of California in this regard and its own actions are worth studying, and is also one of the important paths that the w88 login of California has to ignore for its outstanding development.

In the late 19th century, American higher education had a very low status in the world and was even regarded as a "degree factory" (Diploma Mills). To this end, the Association of American w88 login (AAU) was established in 1900 with the initiative of the then president of the w88 login of California, Benjamin Wheeler and the response of universities such as Harvard and Stanford.

With the transformation of higher education in the United States from elite education to popular education in the mid-20th century, w88 login certification can no longer meet the needs of discipline construction. The United States has successively launched program accreditation (program accreditation) carried out by third-party institutions such as certification agencies and professional associations. However, since w88 login certification and subject certification are both quality assurance systems based on industry standards, that is, as long as the w88 login and discipline meet basic industry standards, they can obtain certification qualifications and can rest assured that they can run schools and award degrees.

w88 login's discipline assessment is an assessment of the quality of teaching, scientific research and service conducted by disciplines and research institutions jointly conducted by the Academic Committee and the Office of the President of Academic Affairs. Since the 1970s, comprehensive assessments have been carried out every 8 to 10 years.

The characteristics of subject evaluation at the w88 login of California, Berkeley can be summarized into 9 aspects. First, subject evaluation is an assessment driven by internal quality improvement and is an assessment of quality improvement within the school.

To sum up, the w88 login of California is a miracle in the history of global higher education development in the 20th century. The w88 login of California, Berkeley is the world-recognized as the strongest public w88 login, and is a public w88 login comparable to the top private universities in the United States. The success and long-term reputation of the w88 login of California and the w88 login of California, Berkeley is due to its "right time, place, and people", but the more important reason is its internal excellent "co-governance" system.

Of course, there have been many challenges in the development of the w88 login of California system and Berkeley. Changes in California's population structure pose new challenges to w88 login admissions and talent selection.

【Chang Tongshan, Distinguished Professor of the Institute of Education Innovation at Xi'an Eurasian College; Director of Research and Academic Planning, w88 login of California President's Office]