w88 casino News Network (provided by the w88 casino of Government)The latest research results of Professor Zhang Yi and his collaborators "Constructing China's Independent w88 online live casino Knowledge System: Necessity, Basic Framework and Main Approaches" were published in "Academic Monthly" in April 2024.
Main point
w88 online live casino has a very long history in China. Its early application can be traced back to the assessment of official performance and merits and demerits of serving officials since the Han Dynasty. It goes hand in hand with the w88 online live casino based on social science methodology in the 20th century. It is one of the two sources of w88 online live casino application. The application of w88 online live casino as a social science in China began in the 1950s, and academic research and exploration of w88 online live casino theory began around 2000. The existing w88 online live casino knowledge system mainly has two shortcomings: First, the evaluation knowledge system was initially constructed by introducing Western evaluation theories. As China's w88 online live casino system enters the deep water zone of institutional and mechanism construction, the inapplicability between the Western theories that constitute the knowledge system structure and China's national conditions has become increasingly prominent; second, major policy and practice-oriented localized evaluation theories have made great progress. They have strong applicability but lack of universality and academic rationality, and cannot contribute to higher-level knowledge systems. Applied knowledge based on assessment issues and practices also fails to effectively accumulate theoretical and systematic knowledge in accordance with the disciplinary framework, which is not conducive to knowledge production, knowledge aggregation and the deepening development of the knowledge system.
1. The historical and disciplinary foundation of the construction of w88 online live casino knowledge system
The w88 online live casino knowledge system is a collection of several knowledge units formed around the deepening of the exclusive propositions of this discipline. Briefly speaking, w88 online live casino includes three core propositions: the (value) standard of judgment, the methods and applications (models) of data collection and analysis, and the corresponding reasoning logic. So far, most evaluation application models have shown varying degrees of mixture in terms of paradigms, methodologies, value orientations, and standards for judging evaluation conclusions.
The accumulation of knowledge in w88 online live casino is a two-way street. General research-based knowledge emphasizes rigor and practicality, but knowledge as practical science needs to overcome the double barriers of mutual transformation between scientific research and established practical fields. The knowledge transformation of w88 online live casino is two-way. Knowledge is accumulated through the collaboration between researchers and practical workers. It is "knowledge generated in action". Knowledge transformation is the process of upgrading practical experience and skills into theory.
The w88 online live casino knowledge system shows the dynamic characteristics of evolving from low-level to high-level knowledge units in its development history. At the macro level, the content of the w88 online live casino knowledge system is an orderly collection of concepts and theories formed around three basic propositions. Compared with the more stable structure at the macro level, at the more micro level of each branch, new classifications are constantly derived and gradually deepened until complex knowledge units are formed, and the internal correlation structure is dynamic. This is because w88 online live casino is oriented toward solving complex problems and is highly flexible, innovative, and creative in practice. It is usually constantly iterated into new knowledge structures with paradigm shifts and the introduction of cross-disciplinary tools and concepts.
2. The necessity of constructing China’s independent w88 online live casino knowledge system
w88 online live casino is the basis for policy formulation and implementation, revision or termination, and plays an important role in the process of national governance system construction and governance modernization. On January 20, 2015, the "Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of New Think Tanks with Chinese Characteristics" issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council clearly proposed the establishment and improvement of a policy evaluation system. On October 31, 2019, the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues in Upholding and Improving the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics and Promoting the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capabilities" proposed to improve the decision-making mechanism, strengthen investigation and research, scientific demonstration, and risk assessment of major decisions, and strengthen decision-making implementation, evaluation, and supervision. On October 29, 2020, the "Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-term Goals for 2035" proposed to "improve the ex-ante evaluation and ex-post evaluation system of major policies." General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that "a scientific evaluation mechanism must be established to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the effects of reform." "Major reform measures affect the whole body and must be prudent and prudent. Before reform measures are introduced, they must be repeatedly demonstrated and scientifically evaluated to strive to be effective."
The introduction and establishment of the discipline of w88 online live casino began around 2000. The central tasks of the party and the country put forward major theoretical and practical requirements for scientific decision-making. w88 online live casino as a job and a specialized research field began to receive attention. The history of the evolution of China's w88 online live casino knowledge system, the completion of the subject system, and the development of the theoretical system are embedded in the process of national governance modernization. Important nodes in institutional reform and policy advancement have promoted the construction of the evaluation knowledge system.
As a concept or proposition from a specific standpoint, evaluation theory is a specific solution to the basic problems of evaluation practice and has a high degree of situational applicability. Applicability means consistency. The system of evaluation rules and behaviors is rooted in the political-social structure. The concepts, positions and propositions of evaluation theory should be consistent with the values and culture, formal systems, rules and procedures of the system to which the decision-making process belongs. The political community and national governance system in which it is located define why and how to conduct evaluation. The applicability of Western evaluation theories to China's national conditions mainly refers to whether they are consistent with the three major institutional elements that govern the operation of the evaluation system, namely political institutions (regulatory elements), cultural traditions (cultural-cognitive elements) and values (normative elements).
3. Basic framework of China’s independent w88 online live casino knowledge system
Academic systems and subject systems are both knowledge system structures presented in a classified manner. Although the formation and evolution of both systems are spontaneous, the disciplinary system focuses more on institutionalization and serves the institutionalization of knowledge production. However, real-world problems are not entirely organized and structured according to a single academic or disciplinary classification. Looking at the knowledge system from a multi-dimensional perspective will show different structures and evolutionary paths. Therefore, it is more accurate and comprehensive to characterize the w88 online live casino knowledge system framework from three structured perspectives: academic system framework, subject system framework and interdisciplinary framework.
The academic system is generative, and is a specific context and correlation structure that is gradually accumulated through theory around propositions. The position of a theory in the classification system reflects its logical position and unique contribution in the general framework. So far, the academic system composed of w88 online live casino theory presents three levels: basic theory, knowledge construction and application model.
The subject system is an artificial division mechanism of the knowledge system, which can effectively perform organizational management functions in knowledge production. Building China's independent w88 online live casino discipline system must start from China's issues, but it cannot stop at individual identifying concepts and theoretical constructions. Instead, it must further integrate multi-angle logic and levels such as norms and empirical evidence, systems and elements, theoretical frameworks and application models, general theories and empirical evaluations. The disciplinary framework of China’s independent w88 online live casino knowledge system includes: (1) Evaluation value and function at the normative level. (2) w88 online live casino system and components at the institutional level. (3) w88 online live casino theory at the meso level. (4) w88 online live casino model at the application level. Assessment practices are diverse and complex, and special assessment path designs, that is, assessment models, are usually formed based on the characteristics of the application field and other aspects. (5) w88 online live casino methods at the empirical level. (6) Evaluation norms and management at the ethical and cultural levels.
From the source of the disciplines that constitute the basic theory of w88 online live casino, the interdisciplinary disciplines mainly come from economics, statistics, political science, ethics, public administration, public policy, etc.; from the perspective of specific policy fields, the subject span and application scope of policy evaluation are very wide; but w88 online live casino has an integrated general theory that is applicable to a wide range of interdisciplinary fields. As an interdisciplinary subject, w88 online live casino has the particularity of theoretical innovation, that is, the endless emergence of complex evaluation problems constantly exposes disciplinary boundaries and implicit assumptions, and new theories and knowledge are established through continuous theoretical integration (including paradigms, models, tools, methods, etc.) that transcends disciplinary boundaries but in a common direction.
4. Main ways to construct China’s independent w88 online live casino knowledge system
With the rise of China's comprehensive national strength and international social status, the leap from individual iconic concepts and partial theoretical innovations to integrated theoretical explanations and macroscopic, complete independent knowledge systems is the mission and responsibility given to the development of Chinese philosophy and social sciences by the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the new era and new journey.
The evolution of the w88 online live casino knowledge system is not only a spontaneous and conscious scientific exploration process, but also a process of management knowledge creation and institutionalization of knowledge production. Specifically, it includes: (1) Building China's independent w88 online live casino knowledge system under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; (2) Actively absorbing and transforming the reasonable core of China's excellent traditional culture, carrying the subjectivity of knowledge system construction with the Chinese spirit of practicality, and transforming and integrating knowledge where the system and structure of traditional culture and modern w88 online live casino coincide. (3) Research and summarize the practice of w88 online live casino since the founding of New China, especially since the new era, and elevate it to theory. Based on Chinese practice and Chinese issues, a more universal and forward-looking theoretical system and practical science can be formed, which can directly embed and lead the process of national governance modernization and the operation and exploration of the evaluation system with Chinese characteristics. It is necessary to balance autonomy and commensurability, and establish practical science from "China explains the world" to "China serves the world." (4) Study, absorb, and learn from foreign w88 online live casino theories. China's independent w88 online live casino knowledge system is open and inclusive, and is built on the basis of continuous development, condensation and improvement based on the shared knowledge of global w88 online live casino. First of all, theoretical innovation must be guided by system theory. Secondly, it is crucial to deepen the typological analysis of the knowledge system at the theoretical level and establish an overall understanding of the knowledge system to clarify the stance and position (starting point) of the academic community's research. This is also an important way to build China's independent w88 online live casino knowledge system. (5) Actively promote the institutionalization and organization of knowledge production for w88 online live casino in China.
Zhang Yi, professor at the w88 casino of Government, w88 casino, and director of the Chinese Society of Administration. Research directions include digital governance and supervision, cooperative provision of public services, public policy evaluation and case study methods, etc. He has published more than 40 papers in authoritative domestic and foreign journals such as Journal of Acia Public Policy, "Management World", and "China Administration", and many papers have been selected as high-impact papers in China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
